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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Din-
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terrible
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Dis-
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apart; out
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Dorm-
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sleep
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Dors-
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back
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Du-/Duo-
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two
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-duct
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lead
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Dyanm-
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power
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Dys-
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ill; bad
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Ec-
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out of; outside
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Echin-
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spiny; prickly
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Eco-
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house
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Ect-
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outside; without
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Electro-
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electric; electricity
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Cyclic AMP (cAMP)
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Cyclic adenosine monophospahte, a ring-shaped molecule made from ATP that is common intracellular signaling molecule (second messenger) in eukaryotic cells (for example, in vertebrate endocrine cells). It also a regulator of some bacterial operons.
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Cellular Differentiation
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the structural and function divergence of cells as they become specialized during a multicellular organism’s development; dependent on the control of gene expression
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Histones
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a small protein with a high proportion of positively charged amino acids that binds to the negatively charged DNA and plays a key role in the chromatin structure
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Nucleosome
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the basic, beadlike unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotes, consisting of a segment of DNA wound around a protein core composed of two copies of each of four types of histones
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Heterochromatin
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nontranscribed eukaryotic chromatin that is so highly compacted that it is visible with a light microscope during interphase
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Euchromatin
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the more open, unraveled form of eukaryotic chromatin that is available for transcription
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Satellite DNA
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A portion of DNA in eukaryotes whose density differs from that of the majority of DNA and that consists of short, repeating sequences of nucleotide pairs, often found near the region of the centromere.
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Telomeres
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the protective structure at each end of a eukaryotic chromosome. Specifically, the tandemly repetitive DNA at the end of the chromosome’s DNA molecule.
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Multigene Family
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a collection of genes with similar or identical sequences, presumably of common origin
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Psuedogenes
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DNA segments very similar to real genes but which do not yield functional products
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Gene Amplification
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the selective synthesis of DNA, which results in multiple copies of a single gene, thereby enhancing expression
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Immunoglobins
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one of the class of proteins comprising the antibodies
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DNA Methylation
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the addition of methyl groups (-CH3) to bases of DNA after DNA synthesis; may serve as a long-term control of gene expression
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Oncogenes
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a gene found in viruses or as part of the normal genome that is involved in triggering cancerous characteristics
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Tumor-Suppressor Genes
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a gene whose protein products inhibit cell division, thereby preventing uncontrolled cell growth (cancer)
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Genetic Engineering
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the direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes
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Biotechnology
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the manipulation of living organisms or their components to produce useful products
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Recombinant DNA
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A DNA molecule made in vitro with segments from different sources
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Restriction Enzymes
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a degradative enzyme that recognizes and cuts up DNA (including that of certain phages) that is foreign to a bacterium
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Restriction Fragments
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the fragment of DNA that is produced by cleaving DNA with a restriction enzyme
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En-
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in; into
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-en
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made of
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Encephal-
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brain
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End-;ent-
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within; in
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Enter-
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intestines
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-eous
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nature of; like
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Epi-
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on; above
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-err
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wander; go astray
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Erythro-
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red
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Ethno-
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race; people
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Eu-
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well; good
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Extra-
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beyond; outside of
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Ex-
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out of
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Cloning Vectors
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an agent used to transfer DNA in genetic engineering. A plasmid that moves recombinant DNA from a test tube back into a cell is an example of a cloning vector, as is a virus that transfers recombinant DNA by infection.
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Restriction Site
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a specific sequence on a DNA strand that is recognized as “cut site” by a restriction enzyme.
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Genomic Library
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a set of thousands of DNA segments from a genome, each carried by a plasmid, phage or other cloning vector
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Complementary DNA
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Single-stranded DNA synthesized in the laboratory using messenger RNA as a template and the enzyme reverse transcriptase.
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Electroporation
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a technique to introduce recombinant DNA into cells by applying a brief electrical pulse to a solution containing cells. The electricity creates temporary holes in the cells’ plasma membranes, through which DNA can enter
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Gel Electrophoresis
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the separation of nucleic acids or proteins, on the basis of their size and electrical charge, by measuring their rate of movement through an electrical field in a gel.
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Polymerase Chain Reaction
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a technique for amplifying DNA in vitro by incubating with special primers, DNA polymerase molecules, and nucleotides.
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In Vitro Mutagenesis
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a technique to discover the function of a gene by introducing specific changes into the sequence of a cloned gene, reinserting the mutated gene into a cell, and studying the phenotype of the mutant
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In Situ Hybridization
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method of localizing and detecting specific mRNA sequences in morphologically preserved tissues sections or cell preparations by hybridizing the complementary strand of a nucleotide probe to the sequence of interest.
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Human Genome Project
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an international collaborative effort to map and sequence the DNA of the entire human genome.
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Chromosome Walking
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A DNA mapping a technique that begins with a gene or other sequence that has already been cloned, mapped, and sequenced and “walks” along the chromosomal DNA from that locus, producing a map of overlapping restriction fragments
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Antisense Nucleic Acid
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Of or relating to a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a sequence of messenger RNA. When antisense DNA or RNA is added to a cell, it binds to a specific messenger RNA molecule and inactivates it.
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DNA Fingerprint
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an individual’s unique collection of DNA restriction fragments, detected by electrophoresis and nucleic acid probes.
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Transgenic Organisms
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Plant, animal, bacterium, or other living organism that has had a foreign gene added to it by means of genetic engineering
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Ti Plasmid
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a plasmid of a tumor-inducing bacterium that integrates a segment of its DNA into the host chromosome of a plant; frequently used as a carrier for genetic engineering in plants
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Evolution
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all the changes that have transformed life on Earth from its earliest beginnings to the diversity that characterizes it today.
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Natural Selection
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differential success in the reproduction of different phenotypes resulting from the interaction of organisms with their environment, Evolution occurs when natural selection causes changes in relative frequencies of alleles in the gene pool
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Essentialism
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a doctrine that certain traditional concepts, ideals, and skills are essential to society and should be taught methodically to all students, regardless of individual ability, need, etc
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Natural Theology
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a philosophy dedicated to discovering the Creator’s plan by studying nature. Adaptations of organisms are viewed as evidence that the Creator had designed each and every species for a particular purpose.
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Taxonomy
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the branch of biology concerned with naming and classifying the diverse forms of life
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