L/g Roots & Vocab Wk9

Front 1

Din-

Back 1

terrible

Front 2

Dis-

Back 2

apart; out

Front 3

Dorm-

Back 3

sleep

Front 4

Dors-

Back 4

back

Front 5

Du-/Duo-

Back 5

two

Front 6

-duct

Back 6

lead

Front 7

Dyanm-

Back 7

power

Front 8

Dys-

Back 8

ill; bad

Front 9

Ec-

Back 9

out of; outside

Front 10

Echin-

Back 10

spiny; prickly

Front 11

Eco-

Back 11

house

Front 12

Ect-

Back 12

outside; without

Front 13

Electro-

Back 13

electric; electricity

Front 14

Cyclic AMP (cAMP)

Back 14

Cyclic adenosine monophospahte, a ring-shaped molecule made from ATP that is common intracellular signaling molecule (second messenger) in eukaryotic cells (for example, in vertebrate endocrine cells). It also a regulator of some bacterial operons.

Front 15

Cellular Differentiation

Back 15

the structural and function divergence of cells as they become specialized during a multicellular organism’s development; dependent on the control of gene expression

Front 16

Histones

Back 16

a small protein with a high proportion of positively charged amino acids that binds to the negatively charged DNA and plays a key role in the chromatin structure

Front 17

Nucleosome

Back 17

the basic, beadlike unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotes, consisting of a segment of DNA wound around a protein core composed of two copies of each of four types of histones

Front 18

Heterochromatin

Back 18

nontranscribed eukaryotic chromatin that is so highly compacted that it is visible with a light microscope during interphase

Front 19

Euchromatin

Back 19

the more open, unraveled form of eukaryotic chromatin that is available for transcription

Front 20

Satellite DNA

Back 20

A portion of DNA in eukaryotes whose density differs from that of the majority of DNA and that consists of short, repeating sequences of nucleotide pairs, often found near the region of the centromere.

Front 21

Telomeres

Back 21

the protective structure at each end of a eukaryotic chromosome. Specifically, the tandemly repetitive DNA at the end of the chromosome’s DNA molecule.

Front 22

Multigene Family

Back 22

a collection of genes with similar or identical sequences, presumably of common origin

Front 23

Psuedogenes

Back 23

DNA segments very similar to real genes but which do not yield functional products

Front 24

Gene Amplification

Back 24

the selective synthesis of DNA, which results in multiple copies of a single gene, thereby enhancing expression

Front 25

Immunoglobins

Back 25

one of the class of proteins comprising the antibodies

Front 26

DNA Methylation

Back 26

the addition of methyl groups (-CH3) to bases of DNA after DNA synthesis; may serve as a long-term control of gene expression

Front 27

Oncogenes

Back 27

a gene found in viruses or as part of the normal genome that is involved in triggering cancerous characteristics

Front 28

Tumor-Suppressor Genes

Back 28

a gene whose protein products inhibit cell division, thereby preventing uncontrolled cell growth (cancer)

Front 29

Genetic Engineering

Back 29

the direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes

Front 30

Biotechnology

Back 30

the manipulation of living organisms or their components to produce useful products

Front 31

Recombinant DNA

Back 31

A DNA molecule made in vitro with segments from different sources

Front 32

Restriction Enzymes

Back 32

a degradative enzyme that recognizes and cuts up DNA (including that of certain phages) that is foreign to a bacterium

Front 33

Restriction Fragments

Back 33

the fragment of DNA that is produced by cleaving DNA with a restriction enzyme

Front 34

En-

Back 34

in; into

Front 35

-en

Back 35

made of

Front 36

Encephal-

Back 36

brain

Front 37

End-;ent-

Back 37

within; in

Front 38

Enter-

Back 38

intestines

Front 39

-eous

Back 39

nature of; like

Front 40

Epi-

Back 40

on; above

Front 41

-err

Back 41

wander; go astray

Front 42

Erythro-

Back 42

red

Front 43

Ethno-

Back 43

race; people

Front 44

Eu-

Back 44

well; good

Front 45

Extra-

Back 45

beyond; outside of

Front 46

Ex-

Back 46

out of

Front 47

Cloning Vectors

Back 47

an agent used to transfer DNA in genetic engineering. A plasmid that moves recombinant DNA from a test tube back into a cell is an example of a cloning vector, as is a virus that transfers recombinant DNA by infection.

Front 48

Restriction Site

Back 48

a specific sequence on a DNA strand that is recognized as “cut site” by a restriction enzyme.

Front 49

Genomic Library

Back 49

a set of thousands of DNA segments from a genome, each carried by a plasmid, phage or other cloning vector

Front 50

Complementary DNA

Back 50

Single-stranded DNA synthesized in the laboratory using messenger RNA as a template and the enzyme reverse transcriptase.

Front 51

Electroporation

Back 51

a technique to introduce recombinant DNA into cells by applying a brief electrical pulse to a solution containing cells. The electricity creates temporary holes in the cells’ plasma membranes, through which DNA can enter

Front 52

Gel Electrophoresis

Back 52

the separation of nucleic acids or proteins, on the basis of their size and electrical charge, by measuring their rate of movement through an electrical field in a gel.

Front 53

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Back 53

a technique for amplifying DNA in vitro by incubating with special primers, DNA polymerase molecules, and nucleotides.

Front 54

In Vitro Mutagenesis

Back 54

a technique to discover the function of a gene by introducing specific changes into the sequence of a cloned gene, reinserting the mutated gene into a cell, and studying the phenotype of the mutant

Front 55

In Situ Hybridization

Back 55

method of localizing and detecting specific mRNA sequences in morphologically preserved tissues sections or cell preparations by hybridizing the complementary strand of a nucleotide probe to the sequence of interest.

Front 56

Human Genome Project

Back 56

an international collaborative effort to map and sequence the DNA of the entire human genome.

Front 57

Chromosome Walking

Back 57

A DNA mapping a technique that begins with a gene or other sequence that has already been cloned, mapped, and sequenced and “walks” along the chromosomal DNA from that locus, producing a map of overlapping restriction fragments

Front 58

Antisense Nucleic Acid

Back 58

Of or relating to a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a sequence of messenger RNA. When antisense DNA or RNA is added to a cell, it binds to a specific messenger RNA molecule and inactivates it.

Front 59

DNA Fingerprint

Back 59

an individual’s unique collection of DNA restriction fragments, detected by electrophoresis and nucleic acid probes.

Front 60

Transgenic Organisms

Back 60

Plant, animal, bacterium, or other living organism that has had a foreign gene added to it by means of genetic engineering

Front 61

Ti Plasmid

Back 61

a plasmid of a tumor-inducing bacterium that integrates a segment of its DNA into the host chromosome of a plant; frequently used as a carrier for genetic engineering in plants

Front 62

Evolution

Back 62

all the changes that have transformed life on Earth from its earliest beginnings to the diversity that characterizes it today.

Front 63

Natural Selection

Back 63

differential success in the reproduction of different phenotypes resulting from the interaction of organisms with their environment, Evolution occurs when natural selection causes changes in relative frequencies of alleles in the gene pool

Front 64

Essentialism

Back 64

a doctrine that certain traditional concepts, ideals, and skills are essential to society and should be taught methodically to all students, regardless of individual ability, need, etc

Front 65

Natural Theology

Back 65

a philosophy dedicated to discovering the Creator’s plan by studying nature. Adaptations of organisms are viewed as evidence that the Creator had designed each and every species for a particular purpose.

Front 66

Taxonomy

Back 66

the branch of biology concerned with naming and classifying the diverse forms of life