L/g Roots & Vocab Wk4

Front 1

atom-

Back 1

vapor

Front 2

audi-

Back 2

hear

Front 3

auto-

Back 3

self

Front 4

bactr-

Back 4

stick;club

Front 5

barb-

Back 5

beard

Front 6

baro-

Back 6

weight

Front 7

bath-

Back 7

depth;height

Front 8

bene-

Back 8

well;good

Front 9

bi-

Back 9

two;twice;double

Front 10

bio-;bi-

Back 10

life;living

Front 11

-blast

Back 11

sprout;germ

Front 12

brachi-

Back 12

having arms

Front 13

branchi-

Back 13

having fins

Front 14

eukaryotic cell

Back 14

A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles, present in protists, plants, fungi, and animals; also called eukaryote.

Front 15

cytoplasm

Back 15

The entire contents of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus, and bounded by the plasma membrane.

Front 16

cytosol

Back 16

The semifluid portion of the cytoplasm.

Front 17

plasma membrane

Back 17

The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, thereby regulating the cell's chemical composition.

Front 18

nucleus

Back 18

The chromosome-containing organelle of a eukaryotic cell.

Front 19

chromatin

Back 19

The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope.

Front 20

chromosomes

Back 20

A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins.

Front 21

ribosomes

Back 21

A cell organelle constructed in the nucleolus and functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of rRNA and protein molecules, which make up two subunits.

Front 22

endoplasmic reticulum

Back 22

An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions.

Front 23

smooth ER

Back 23

That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes.

Front 24

rough ER

Back 24

That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes.

Front 25

glycoproteins

Back 25

A protein covalently attached to a carbohydrate.

Front 26

transport vesicles

Back 26

A tiny membranous sac in a cell's cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell.

Front 27

golgi apparatus

Back 27

An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum.

Front 28

phagocytosis

Back 28

A type of endocytosis involving large, particulate substances.

Front 29

food vacuoles

Back 29

A membranous sac formed by phagocytosis.

Front 30

contractile vacuoles

Back 30

A membranous sac that helps move excess water out of the cell.

Front 31

central vacuoles

Back 31

A membranous sac in a mature plant cell with diverse roles in reproduction, growth, and development.

Front 32

tonoplast

Back 32

A membrane that encloses the central vacuole in a plant cell, separating the cytosol from the cell sap.

Front 33

peroxisome

Back 33

A microbody containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen, producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide.

Front 34

mitochondria

Back 34

An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration.

Front 35

cristae

Back 35

An infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electron transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP.

Front 36

plastids

Back 36

One of a family of closely related plant organelles, including chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amyloplasts (leucoplasts).

Front 37

chloroplasts

Back 37

An organelle found only in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water.

Front 38

mitochondrial matrix

Back 38

The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the Krebs cycle.

Front 39

thylakoids

Back 39

A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy.

Front 40

grana

Back 40

A stacked portion of the thylakoid membrane in the chloroplast. Grana function in the light reactions of photosynthesis.

Front 41

stroma

Back 41

The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.

Front 42

cytoskeleton

Back 42

A network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that branch throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical and transport functions.

Front 43

microtubules

Back 43

A hollow rod of tubulin protein in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells and in cilia, flagella, and the cytoskeleton.

Front 44

centrosome

Back 44

Material present in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells, important during cell division; the microtubule-organizing center.

Front 45

flagella

Back 45

A long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion, formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules, ensheathed in an extension of plasma membrane.

Front 46

cilia

Back 46

A short cellular appendage specialized for locomotion, formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules ensheathed in an extension of plasma membrane.

Front 47

basal body

Back 47

A eukaryotic cell organelle consisting of a 9 + 0 arrangement of microtubule triplets; may organize the microtubule assembly of a cilium or flagellum; structurally identical to a centriole.

Front 48

centrioles

Back 48

A structure in an animal cell composed of cylinders of microtubule triplets arranged in a 9 + 0 pattern. An animal cell usually has a pair of centrioles involved in cell division.

Front 49

actin

Back 49

A globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helically about each other, forming microfilaments in muscle and other contractile elements in cells.

Front 50

myosin

Back 50

A type of protein filament that interacts with actin filaments to cause cell contraction.

Front 51

cell wall

Back 51

A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in plant cells, bacteria, fungi, and some protists. In plant cells, the wall is formed of cellulose fibers embedded in a polysaccharide-protein matrix. The primary cell wall is thin and flexible, whereas the secondary cell wall is stronger and more rigid and is the primary constituent of wood.

Front 52

collagen

Back 52

A glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of animal cells that forms strong fibers, found extensively in connective tissue and bone; the most abundant protein in the animal kingdom.

Front 53

plasmodesmata

Back 53

An open channel in the cell wall of plants through which strands of cytosol connect from adjacent cells.

Front 54

tight junctions

Back 54

A type of intercellular junction in animal cells that prevents the leakage of material between cells.

Front 55

gap junctions

Back 55

A type of intercellular junction in animal cells that allows the passage of material or current between cells; also known as a communicating junction.

Front 56

selective permeability

Back 56

A property of biological membranes that allows some substances to cross more easily than others.

Front 57

fluid mosaic model

Back 57

The currently accepted model of cell membrane structure, which envisions the membrane as a mosaic of individually inserted protein molecules drifting laterally in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids.

Front 58

integral proteins

Back 58

Typically transmembrane proteins with hydrophobic regions that completely span the hydrophobic interior of the membrane.

Front 59

peripheral proteins

Back 59

Protein appendages loosely bound to the surface of the membrane and not embedded in the lipid bilayer.

Front 60

transport proteins

Back 60

A transmembrane protein that helps a certain substance or class of closely related substances to cross the membrane.

Front 61

diffusion

Back 61

The spontaneous tendency of a substance to move down its concentration gradient from a more concentrated to a less concentrated area.

Front 62

concentration gradient

Back 62

An increase or decrease in the density of a chemical substance in an area. Cells often maintain concentration gradients of ions across their membranes. When a gradient exists, the ions or other chemical substances involved tend to move from where they are more concentrated to where they are less concentrated.

Front 63

passive transport

Back 63

The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane.