Levers, Joints, & Muscle Coverings

Front 1

which class of levers is ALWAYS at a mechanical disadvantage?

Back 1

third class levers

Front 2

which class of levers is ALWAYS at a mechanical advantage?

Back 2

second class levers

Front 3

what are fascicles?

Back 3

bundles of skeletal muscle fibers (cells) within a muscle

Front 4

what is another name for the agonist?

Back 4

prime mover

Front 5

what muscle helps the prime mover (or agonist) work more efficiently?

Back 5

synergist

Front 6

what is an everyday example and a
body example of a 1st class lever?

Back 6

1st class - fulcrum in the middle -
a seesaw, and the head on the neck

Front 7

Using the biceps brachii as an example of a 3rd class
lever in the body, what would be the fulcrum?

Back 7

the elbow joint

Front 8

Using the biceps brachii as an example of a 3rd class
lever in the body, what would represent the "effort"?

Back 8

the contraction of the biceps brachii muscle

Front 9

Using the biceps brachii as an example of a 3rd class
lever in the body, what would represent the "load"?

Back 9

the weight of the hand and the forearm

Front 10

Within a fascicle, all the muscle fibers are
parallel to one another? true or false

Back 10

true

Front 11

what is an everyday example and a body example of a 2nd class lever?

Back 11

2nd class - load in the middle -
a wheelbarrow,
and standing on tip toes

Front 12

what is an everyday example and
a body example of a 3rd class lever?

Back 12

3rd class - 3ffort in the middle
a pair of tweezers,
and most muscles in our bodies
(biceps brachii moving the forearm)

Front 13

which type of lever has
the fulcrum in the middle?

Back 13

1st class lever

Front 14

which type of lever has
the load in the middle?

Back 14

2nd class lever

Front 15

which type of lever has
the effort in the middle?

Back 15

3rd class lever

Front 16

which class of lever is the
most common in the body?

Back 16

3rd class lever system

Front 17

what are other names for joints?

Back 17

articulation
arthrosis

Front 18

the point of contact between 2 bones, bone and cartilage,
or bone and teeth is called what?

Back 18

joint or articulation

Front 19

what is the study of joints called?

Back 19

arthrology

Front 20

joints are classified how?

Back 20

by structure (anatomy)
and function (type of movement)

Front 21

what are the structural classifications of joints?

Back 21

fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial

Front 22

what are the functional classifications of joints?

Back 22

synarthrosis (immoveable)
amphiarthrosis (partialy moveable)
diarthrosis (freely moveable)

Front 23

what is another name for synovial joints?

Back 23

diarthrotic joints

Front 24

which type of joint has no movement?

Back 24

synathrotic

Front 25

which type of joint has a little movement?

Back 25

amphiathrotic

Front 26

which type of joint is freely moving?

Back 26

diarthrotis or synovial

Front 27

what are 3 types of synarthrotic joints?

Back 27

suture
synchondrosis
gomphosis

Front 28

structurally, what type of joint is a suture?

Back 28

fibrous

Front 29

what is the name of a fibrous joint composed
of a thin layer of dense fibrous connective tissue
that unites skull bones?

Back 29

suture

Front 30

what is a cartilaginous joint in which the
connecting material is hyaline cartilage.
(see hint)

Back 30

synchondrosis

Hint 30

An example is an epiphyseal plate, rib cage, and sternum.

Front 31

structurally, what type of joint is a gomphosis?

Back 31

fibrous

Front 32

what are the types of amphiarthrotic joints?

Back 32

syndesmosis
symphysis

Front 33

What is the functional classification and joint type (name)
of a ligament or interosseous membrane?

Back 33

amphiarthrotic (syndesmosis)

Front 34

what type of cartilaginous joint has a disc
of fibrocartilage as connecting material?

Back 34

symphysis

Front 35

the intervertebral discs are an example of
what type of joint? (name)

Back 35

symphysis

Front 36

what are the 2 layers of the articular capsule?

Back 36

the outer fibrous capsule (which may contain ligaments)
the inner synovial membrane (which secretes synovial fluid)

Front 37

what type of joint is 2 flat surfaces articulating with one another,
allowing for side-to-side and back & forth movements?

Back 37

gliding or planar joints

Front 38

what type of joint is the convex surface of one bone
articulating into a concave surface of another.

Back 38

hinge joint

Front 39

what type of joint is a rounded surface of one bone articulating with a ring.

Back 39

pivot joint

Front 40

What type of joint is an oval shaped surface
fitting into a depression of another bone?

Back 40

condyloid

Front 41

what type of synarthrosis is the rib cage?

Back 41

synchondrosis

Front 42

what is the structural difference between a
synchondrosis and a symphasis?

Back 42

they are both cartilagenous,
but a symphasis has connective tissue made of fibrocartilage
while synchondrosis has connective tissue made of hyaline cartilage

Front 43

the bones at a synovial joint are covered
by a layer of hyaline cartilage called what?

Back 43

articular cartilage

Front 44

what does articular cartilage do?

Back 44

reduces friction between bones
and helps to absorb shock

Front 45

the structural classification of a joint is based on 2 criteria.
what ?

Back 45

1. the presence or absence of a space between the articulating bones.
2. the type of connective tissue that binds the bones together

Front 46

articulations are supported by what 3 things?

Back 46

ligaments
joint capsules
surrounding muscles

Front 47

what type of joints are
intercarpal and intertarsal joints?

Back 47

gliding or planar joints

Front 48

what type of joint has movement in 1 plane
and is typically extension/flexion?

Back 48

hinge joint

Hint 48

elbow or knee

Front 49

which type of joint allows for movement in 1 plane
and would rotate about a long axis?

Back 49

pivot joint

Front 50

What two types of diarthrotic joints
are mono-axial?

Back 50

hinge joint
pivot joint

Front 51

What types of diarthrotic joints are multi-axial?

Back 51

saddle joint
ball & socket joint

Front 52

Name the 6 types of diarthrotic joints,
and weather they move in 1, 2, or 3 planes.

Back 52

hinge & pivot joints = 1 plane
condyloid & gliding joints = 2 planes
saddle & ball/socket joints = 3 planes

Front 53

what type of muscle tension occurs
(isometric or isotonic)
when tension develops
but the load is not moved

Back 53

isometric

Front 54

what type of muscle tension occurs
(isometric or isotonic)
when the tension developed overcomes
the load and muscle shortening occurs

Back 54

isotonic

Front 55

what are the connective tissue wrappings of muscle
from outer layer to inner layer?

Back 55

epimysium
perimysium & fascicles
endomysium

Front 56

an overcoat of dense irregular connective tissue
that surrounds the whole muscle

Back 56

epimysium

Front 57

what are fascicles?

Back 57

within each skeletal muscle, the fibers are grouped
into fascicles (resembles a bunch of sticks)

Front 58

what surrounds the fascicles?

Back 58

perimysium

Front 59

within each fascicle, each muscle fiber is surrounded
by a fine sheath of connective tissue consisting mostly
of reticular fibers called?

Back 59

endomysium

Front 60

what kind of fascia separates muscle from skin?

Back 60

superficial fascia

Front 61

what kind of fascia lines the body wall and limbs
and holds muscle together?

Back 61

deep fascia

Front 62

what accessory connective tissue
covering connects muscle to bone

Back 62

tendon

Front 63

what accessory connective tissue covering is a
ribbon like band which connects muscle to muscle

Back 63

aponeurosis