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68 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Electrolytes

-are small, charged molecules essential to homeostatis


-too little or too much may result in serious disease and must be quickly corrected



Acidosis

occurs when the pH of the plasma falls below 7.35, which is confirmed by measuring arterial pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2), and plasma bicarbonate levels.



Causes of acidosis

RESP ORIGINS:


-hypoventilation or shallow breathing


-airway constriction


-damage to respiratory centre in medulla


METABOLIC ORIGINS:


-severe diarrhea


-kidney failure


-diabetes mellitus


-excess alcohol ingestion


-starvation

Alkalosis

occurs when the pH of the plasma is above 7.45



Causes of alkalosis

RESP ORIGINS:


-hyperventilation(due to asthma, anxiety, high altitude


-constipation for prolonged periods


-ingestion of excess sodium bicarbonate


-diuretics that cause potassium depletion


-severe vomitting

Diffusion

-a type of passive transport that chemicals/drugs use to cross a body membrane


-movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Osmosis

movement of a substance from an area or low solute concentration (low osmolality) to an area of high solute concentration (high osmolaltiy)

intracellular

-Also called ICF


-contains water that is inside cells


-accounts for about two-thirds of the total body water


-

extracellular

-also called ECF


-water that is outside the cells in either the vascular or interstitial spaces


-accounts for the other third of total body water

transcellular

- small amount of fluid in the GI tract, CSF, etc.

What is Hyperkalemia?

is a serum potassium level greater than 5 mEq/L, which may be caused from high consuption levels of potassium-rich foods or dietary supplements, particularly when clients are taking potassium-sparing diuretics.

What is Hypokalemia?

occurs when the serum potassium level falls below 3.5 mEq/L


-is a relatively common adverse effect resulting from high doses of loop diuretics such as furosemide (Laxis).

What is Hypernatremia?

-is a serum sodium level greater than 145 mEq/L


-the most common cause is kidney disease resulting in decreased sodium excretion, but may also be caused from excessive intake of sodium, by overtreatment with IV fluids containing sodium chloride or sodium bicarbonate or by a high net water loss (inadequate water intake, watery diarrhea, fever, burns).

What is Hyponatremia?

-occurs when a serum sodium level is below 135mEq/L


-It can occur be either an excessive dilution of the plasma or by increased sodium loss d/t disorders of the skin, GI tract or kidneys.

Oncotic pressure

the draw of water molecules from the cells and tissues into the blood vessels by proteins in the blood (ie: albumin)

What is ORIF?

open reduction internal fixation

arthroplasty

the surgical reconstruction or replacement of a joint.

arthroscopy

-a procedure for diagnosing and treating joint problems


-a surgeon inserts a narrow tube attached to a fiber-optic video camera through a small incision (about the size of a buttonhole)


-the view inside your joint is transmitted to a high-definition video monitor

osteogenic sarcoma

is the most common bone cancer in adolescents (15yr) & people >60yrs.

Ewing's sarcoma

-can occur anytime during childhood and young adulthood, but it usually develops during puberty, when bones are growing rapidly


-it is 10 times as common in Caucasian children as in African American, African, and Asian children.

osteoclastoma

a giant cell tumor of the bone that occurs most frequently at the end of a long bone and appears as a mass surrounded by a thin shell of new periosteal bone

osteomyelititis

inflammation of bone or bone marrow, usually due to infection.

compound fracture

an injury in which a broken bone pierces the skin, causing a risk of infection.

communited fracture

-is a break or splinter of the bone into more than two fragments


-these type of fractures of this degree usualy occur after high-impact trauma such as in vehicular accidents because considerable force and energy is required to fragment bone.

greenstick fracture

a fracture of the bone, occurring typically in children, in which one side of the bone is broken and the other only bent

jaundice

a medical condition with yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes, arising from excess of the pigment bilirubin and typically caused by obstruction of the bile duct, by liver disease, or by excessive breakdown of red blood cells.

ascites

the accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity, causing abdominal swelling.

hepatic encephalopathy

-Loss of brain function occurs when the liver is unable to remove toxins from the blood.


-This problem may occur suddenly or develop slowly over time.

peritonitis

inflammation of the peritoneum, typically caused by bacterial infection either via the blood or after rupture of an abdominal organ.

paracentesis

the perforation of a cavity of the body or of a cyst or similar outgrowth with a hollow needle to remove fluid or gas.

esophageal varices

-enlarged and swollen veins at the lower end of the esophagus


-susceptible to hemorrhage


-d/t portal hypertension as a result of cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis

portal hypertension


-an increase in the blood pressure within a system of veins called the portal venous system.



-Veins coming from the stomach, intestine, spleen, and pancreas merge into the portal vein, which then branches into smaller vessels and travels through the liver.

ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography)

-a technique that combines the use of endoscopy and fluoroscopy to diagnose and treat certain problems of the biliary or pancreatic ductal systems


-used primarily to diagnose and treat conditions of the bile ducts and main pancreatic duct,including gallstones, inflammatory strictures (scars), leaks (from trauma and surgery), and cancer

paralytic ileus

-a decrease or absence of intestinal peristalsis


-may occur after abdominal surgery or peritoneal injury


-the most common overall cause of intestinal obstruction


-characterized by abd. tenderness/distention, absense of bowel sounds, lack of flatus, and N/V.

Crohn's Dx (disease)

-a chronic inflammatory disease of unknown origin, usually affecting the ileum, the colon or another part of the GI tract



ulcerative colitis

-an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes long-lasting inflammation and ulcers (sores) in your digestive tract


-affects the innermost lining of the colon & rectum


-symptoms usually develop over time, rather than suddenly

fecalith

-a hard stony mass of feces in the intestinal tract


-can obstruct the appendix, leading to appendicitis

pancreatitis

-inflammation of the pancreas


-may be acute or chronic


-generally as a result of damage to the biliary tract, as by alcohol, trauma, infectious dx, or certain drugs


-characterized by severe abd. pain

hepatitis

an inflammatory condition of the liver, characterized by jaundice, anorexia, abd. and gastric discomfort, abnormal liver function, clay-coloured stool and tea-coloured urine



amputation

-surgical removal of a part of the body, limb, or part of a limb to treat recurrent infection or gangrene; to remove malignant tumors; to treat severe trauma

peptic ulcer

-a loss of mucous membrane of the stomach, duodenum, or any other part of the GI system exposed to gastric juices containing acid and pepsin


-also called gastric ulcer

gastritis

-an inflammation of the lining of the stomach that occurs in two forms: acute or chronic


-acute may be caused from severe burns, major surgery, aspirin or other NSAIDs, corticosteroids.


-chronic is usually a sign of an underlying dx, such as peptic ulcer or stomach cancer

appendicitis

-an acute inflammation of the veriform appendix


-rapidly leads to perforation or peritonitis if not dealt with


-caused by a obstruction such as a hard mass of feces or a foreign body in the lumen of the appendix, lymphoid hyperplasia, fibrous dx of intestinal wall, ad adhesion, or parasitic infestation


TPN

-total parenteral nutrition


-is a method of feeding that bypasses the gastrointestinal tract


-Fluids are given into a vein to provide most of the nutrients the body needs - the method is used when a person cannot or should not receive feedings or fluids by mouth

diveriticulitis

-inflammation of one or more diverticula


-pt experiences crampy pain (particularly over the sigmoid colon) & fever


-in acute cases, bowel resection of the affected part greatly reduces mortality and morbidity rates

Gastroenteritis

-an inflammation of the stomach and intestines accompanying numerous GI disorders


-caused by bacteria, virus, or parasite


-S/S: anorexia, N/V, fever (depending on causative factor), abd. discomfort, diarrhea

colorectal cancer

-a malignant neoplastic dx of the large intestine, characterized by changes in bowel habits; passing of blood and anemias


-manifested by progressive abd. distention, pain, vomitting, constipation, cramps, bright red blood on stool's surface


-colonoscopy is the definitive test


-suspicious polyps may be removed and tested

ICP

-intracranial pressure (pressure that occurs within the cranium)


head injury

any traumatic damage to the head resulting from blunt or penetrating trauma of the skull


-blood vessels, nerves, and meninges can be torn


-bleeding, edema, and ischemia may result

brain tumour

-an invasive neoplasm of the intracranial portion of the CNS



spinal cord injury

-any one of the traumatic disruptions of the spinal cord, often associated with extensive musculoskeletal involvement


-common injuries are vertebral fractures and dislocations such as those suffered in car accidents, airplane crashes, or other violent impacts

cerebral angiography

-a radiographic procedure used to visualize the vascular system of the brain after injection of a radiopaque contrast medium

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

- is a technique that uses a magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images of the organs and tissues within your body


-pt's are placed in large, tube-shaped magnets; the magnetic field temporarily realigns hydrogen atoms in the pt's body

cerebral edema

-an accumulation of fluid in the brain tissues


-caused from infection, trauma, or exposure to certain toxins


-early symptoms would be change in LOC, sluggishness, dilation in one or both pupils, gradual loss of consciousness


-can be fatal!

coma

-a state of profound unconsciousness, characterized by the absence of spontaneous eye openings, response to painful stimuli, and vocalization

unconsciousness

a state of complete or partial unawareness or lack of response to sensory stimuli


-a result of hypoxia caused by resp. insufficiency or shock; from metabolic or chemical brain depressants such as drugs, poisons, ketones, electrolyte imbalance, trauma, seizures, CVA, brain tumour, infection

concussion

damage of the brain caused by a violent jarring or shaking, such as a blow or an explosion

epidural hematoma


- think of Epi as Emergency!



-accumulation of blood in the epidural space, caused by damage to and leakage of blood from the middle meningeal artery, producing compression of the dura mater and thus the brain


-if not rectified, may cause death


subdural hematoma


- think of Sub as Slow bleed


- accumulation of blood in the subdural space, usually caused by an injury or fall


aneurysm

-a localized dilation of the wall of a blood vessel


-may be caused by atherosclerosis and hypertension, trauma, infection, congenital weakness in vessel wall

stereotactic surgery

-any of several techniques for the production of sharply circumscribed lesions in specific tiny areas of pathological tissue in deep-seated structures of the CNS


-also called stereotaxic surgery

seizure

a hyperexcitation of neurons in the brain, leading to abnormal electric activity that causes a sudden, violent involuntary series of contractions of a group of muscles


-may be tonic or clonic, unilateral or bilateral, generalized or partial


-also called a convulsion

persistent vegetative state

a state of wakefulness accompanied by an apparent complete lack of cognitive function, experienced by some pt's in an irreversable coma


-brainstem functions are intact, but the cortex is permanently damaged

Ateleotasis

Partial or complete collapse of lung

Synovectomy

-Removal of the synovial tissue surrounding the joint that has become inflamed and swollen


-usually done by arthroscopic

Synovectomy

-Removal of the synovial tissue surrounding the joint that has become inflamed and swollen


-usually done by arthroscopic

Compartment syndrome


a condition resulting from increased pressure within a confined body space, especially of the leg or forearm.

Anasarca

Widespread edema