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184 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
How do WBC's exit circulation
|
WBC's stick to endothelial cell surface, squeeze b/w endothelial cells of capillaries via pseudopodia
|
|
|
Through what mechanism are WBC's attracted to inflammatory sites?
|
Attracted via chemotaxis via cytokine release
|
|
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What is a cytokine
|
anything that can attract or modify the behavior of antoehr cell
|
|
|
How are WBC's categorized
|
Categorized as granulocytes (w/ granules) or agranulocytes (w/o granules). Note: this def refers only to 2' granules
|
|
|
Primary granules are possessed by which granulocytes?
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1' granules are possed by ALL WBC's
|
|
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How do 1' granules stain?
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Stain blue-purple
|
|
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What is the name of 1' granules
|
azurophilic granules
|
|
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What do 1' granules contain? Give an example.
|
Lysosomal enzymes (E.g. acid hydrolases)
|
|
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What are the specific granules possessed by granulocytes?
|
2' granules (absent in agranulocytes
|
|
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What do 2' granules contain?
|
lsozyme & alkaline phosphatases
|
|
|
How do 2' granules stain?
|
Variable colors
|
|
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What are the types of granulocytes
|
Basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils ("BEN")
|
|
|
What characteristics do all granulocytes have in common?
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All have single, multi-lobed nucleus & prominent cytoplasmic granules
|
|
|
What are neutrophils
|
granular WBC that stains with both basic and acidic dyes
|
|
|
What is the most common WBC?
|
Neutrophils
|
|
|
What are the histological characteristics of neutrophils?
|
Multi-lobed nucleus (3-5)
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|
|
What is another name for neutrophils
|
Polymorphonuclear cells
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|
|
How long do neutrophils live
|
Several hours
|
|
|
How do neutrophils derive energy?
|
anaerobic glycolysis (contain few mitochondria)
|
|
|
What do the 1' granules of neutrophils contain? What is it's function?
|
Neutrophils contain MYELOPEROXIDASE; an antimicrobial
|
|
|
How do neutrophilic's 2' granules stain?
|
Stain either basophilic or eosinophilic - overall NEUTRAL
|
|
|
What do neutrophilic 2' granules contain
|
Inflammatory mediators, complement activators, proteases and lysozyme (antibacterial compounds)
|
|
|
During what type of rxn are neutrophilic 2' granules released?
|
Inflammation rxn
|
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How many different granule types do neutrophils contain
|
Three (3)
|
|
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What do neutrophilic 3' granules contain? Function?
|
Gelatinase. Breaks down ECM collagen allowing passage of neutrophil to inflammatory site
|
|
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Neutrophils are associated with what medical condition
|
Acute inflammation
|
|
|
Define length of acute, subacute and chronic inflammations.
|
Acute (< week). Subacute (~1wk - 10days). Chronic (> 10 days)
|
|
|
What are the cardinal signs of of inflammation
|
Rubor, tumor calor, et dolore (redness, swelling, heat and pain)
|
|
|
How do basophils stain? Eosinophils? Neutrophils?
|
Whereas basophilic white blood cells stain dark blue and eosinophilic white blood cells stain bright red, neutrophils stain a neutral pink
|
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|
Are neutrophils mobile?
|
Yes, highly motile
|
|
|
How are neutrophils attracted?
|
Attracted to BACTERIA and damaged tissue by chemotactic factors
|
|
|
What is the primary function of neutrophils?
|
PHAGOCYTOSIS
|
|
|
What occurs after neutrophilic phagocytosis?
|
Neutrophil becomes a PHAGOSOME which then fuses with lysosome to form PHAGOLYSOSOME to digest bacteria
|
|
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What processes enhances phagocytosis? How?
|
Opsonization - coats bacteria with Ab and complement
|
|
|
Define respiratory burst. What leukocyte is it associated with?
|
Bacterial killing by generating H2O2 and hypochlorous acid (assoc. w/ neutrophils)
|
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What are stab cells?
|
immature neutrophils
|
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|
How do you identify stab cells?
|
Distinctive horeshoe shaped nucleus
|
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|
What are basophils
|
granualar WBC that stains with basic dyes
|
|
|
What is the least common WBC
|
Basophils
|
|
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Which leukocyte is the equivalent of a mast cell?
|
Basophil
|
|
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What is a mast cell that has left the bloodstream and entered tissue
|
Basophil
|
|
|
How is a basophil identified on microscope
|
Highly granulated cell that stains dark blue
|
|
|
What do basophilic 2' granules contain?
|
Heparin sulfate, histamine, leukotriens, eosinophlic chemotactic factor (ECF)
|
|
|
What is the function of heparin sulfate
|
anticoagulant
|
|
|
What is the function of histamin
|
Vasodilation and increases vascular permeability
|
|
|
Which signaling molecule increases vascular permeability?
|
Histamine
|
|
|
What is the function of leukotrienes?
|
slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (severe, whole body allergic reaction)
|
|
|
Which signaling molecule is associated with an asthma attack? How does it cause an attack
|
Leukotrienes. Cause smooth contraction of branchiloles
|
|
|
Basophils are associated with what medical condition
|
Hypersensitivty reaction (e.g. asthma or allergies)
|
|
|
What other type of WBC do basophils attract? How?
|
Eosinophils; through release of eosinophilic chemotactic factor (ECF)
|
|
|
What are eosinophils
|
granular WBC that stains with acidic dyes
|
|
|
What is the function of eosinophils
|
ameliorate/counteract inflammatory rxn of basophils
|
|
|
How is an eosinophil identified on microscopy
|
Bilobed (mickey mouse) nucleus that stains blue; cell looks like a raspberry
|
|
|
How long do eosinophils remain in circulation before entenig tissue
|
3-6 hours
|
|
|
How long do eosinophils survive in tissue
|
8-12 days
|
|
|
What surface receptor is found on eosinophils
|
IgE
|
|
|
What do eosinophilic 2' granules contain
|
Hydrolyic enzymes - histaminase, eosinophil peroxidase and major basic protein
|
|
|
What is the function of histaminase? What cell releases it?
|
neutralizes histamine; eosinophil
|
|
|
What is the function of major basic protein? What cell releases it? How does it function?
|
Neutralizes heparin AND kills parasites
|
|
|
Which WBC is capable of killing parasites? How does it do this?
|
Eosinophils. Releases major basic protein --> destroys antibody-antigen complexes
|
|
|
Which WBC is capable of killing bacteria
|
Neutrophil
|
|
|
How are eosinophils attracted to basophils and mast cells
|
chemotactically via ECF
|
|
|
What is the function of eosinophil derived inhibitor?
|
inhibits basophil and mast cell degranulation?
|
|
|
If an acidic dye were applied to WBC's, which granulocyte would be stained?
|
Eosinophil
|
|
|
If a basic dye were applied to WBC's, which granulocyte would be stained? What color?
|
Basophil
|
|
|
What are the agranulocytes?
|
Monocytes and lymphocytes
|
|
|
What characteristics do agranulocytes share?
|
have single, unlobed nucleus and lack 2' granules
|
|
|
If a leukocyte has a single, unlobed nucleus, it must be a …
|
agranulocyte
|
|
|
If a leukocyte has a multi-lobed nucleus it must be a …
|
granulocyte
|
|
|
Do agranulocytes contain granules
|
YES!!! They lack 2' (specific) granules but do have 1' (azurophilic granules)
|
|
|
What are the largest white blood cells?
|
Monocytes
|
|
|
How can a monocyte be identified
|
kidney bean shaped nucleus; abundant gray-blue cytoblasm
|
|
|
What does a monocyte become once it has entered tissue?
|
A macrophage
|
|
|
How long is a macrophage's lifespan
|
Several months
|
|
|
How can macrophages by classifed
|
On motility. Some are fixed in tissue, others are mobile
|
|
|
What are the main functions of macrophages?
|
Phagocytosis and antigen presenting
|
|
|
What is the main enzyme macrophages contain
|
Phagocytic - abundant hydrolytic enzymes
|
|
|
Moncytes/Macrophages are associated with what medical conditions?
|
Asctive in both subacute and chronic infections
|
|
|
What cell functions to "wall off" an injury? How does it do this?
|
Macrophages fuse together to become a multinucleate epitheliod giant
|
|
|
What is a lymphocyte
|
a mononuclear, agranular leukocyte
|
|
|
Lymphocytes are associated with what medical conditions?
|
Subacute and chronic infections
|
|
|
What is the lifespan of a lymphocyte
|
Days to years
|
|
|
What are the cellular characteristics of lymphocytes
|
Round, denslely staining nucleus with thin rim of cytoplasm
|
|
|
What is an immunocompetent cell
|
Lymphocytes
|
|
|
What is the primary cell of the immune system?
|
Lymphocytes
|
|
|
What are the types of lymphocytes
|
B and T cells
|
|
|
What is the % of each B and T cells
|
10% B-cells, 90% T-cells
|
|
|
Which leukocyte is associated with viral infections?
|
lymphocytes
|
|
|
What is the main function of B cells
|
produce antibodies in HUMORALLY mediated immune response
|
|
|
What occurs when a B-cell encounters an antigen?
|
B-cell undergo multiple divisions to prodce clone of antibody producing plasma cell
|
|
|
What processes are associated with B-cells?
|
amplification or "clonal expansion"
|
|
|
How to identifiy B-cell
|
pale crescent next to nucleus; more cytoplasm than other lymphocytes
|
|
|
How do WBC's exit circulation
|
WBC's stick to endothelial cell surface, squeeze b/w endothelial cells of capillaries via pseudopodia
|
|
|
Through what mechanism are WBC's attracted to inflammatory sites?
|
Attracted via chemotaxis via cytokine release
|
|
|
What is a cytokine
|
anything that can attract or modify the behavior of antoehr cell
|
|
|
How are WBC's categorized
|
Categorized as granulocytes (w/ granules) or agranulocytes (w/o granules). Note: this def refers only to 2' granules
|
|
|
Primary granules are possessed by which granulocytes?
|
1' granules are possed by ALL WBC's
|
|
|
How do 1' granules stain?
|
Stain blue-purple
|
|
|
What is the name of 1' granules
|
azurophilic granules
|
|
|
What do 1' granules contain? Give an example.
|
Lysosomal enzymes (E.g. acid hydrolases)
|
|
|
What are the specific granules possessed by granulocytes?
|
2' granules (absent in agranulocytes
|
|
|
What do 2' granules contain?
|
lsozyme & alkaline phosphatases
|
|
|
How do 2' granules stain?
|
Variable colors
|
|
|
What are the types of granulocytes
|
Basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils ("BEN")
|
|
|
What characteristics do all granulocytes have in common?
|
All have single, multi-lobed nucleus & prominent cytoplasmic granules
|
|
|
What are neutrophils
|
granular WBC that stains with both basic and acidic dyes
|
|
|
What is the most common WBC?
|
Neutrophils
|
|
|
What are the histological characteristics of neutrophils?
|
Multi-lobed nucleus (3-5)
|
|
|
What is another name for neutrophils
|
Polymorphonuclear cells
|
|
|
How long do neutrophils live
|
Several hours
|
|
|
How do neutrophils derive energy?
|
anaerobic glycolysis (contain few mitochondria)
|
|
|
What do the 1' granules of neutrophils contain? What is it's function?
|
Neutrophils contain MYELOPEROXIDASE; an antimicrobial
|
|
|
How do neutrophilic's 2' granules stain?
|
Stain either basophilic or eosinophilic - overall NEUTRAL
|
|
|
What do neutrophilic 2' granules contain
|
Inflammatory mediators, complement activators, proteases and lysozyme (antibacterial compounds)
|
|
|
During what type of rxn are neutrophilic 2' granules released?
|
Inflammation rxn
|
|
|
How many different granule types do neutrophils contain
|
Three (3)
|
|
|
What do neutrophilic 3' granules contain? Function?
|
Gelatinase. Breaks down ECM collagen allowing passage of neutrophil to inflammatory site
|
|
|
Neutrophils are associated with what medical condition
|
Acute inflammation
|
|
|
Define length of acute, subacute and chronic inflammations.
|
Acute (< week). Subacute (~1wk - 10days). Chronic (> 10 days)
|
|
|
What are the cardinal signs of of inflammation
|
Rubor, tumor calor, et dolore (redness, swelling, heat and pain)
|
|
|
How do basophils stain? Eosinophils? Neutrophils?
|
Whereas basophilic white blood cells stain dark blue and eosinophilic white blood cells stain bright red, neutrophils stain a neutral pink
|
|
|
Are neutrophils mobile?
|
Yes, highly motile
|
|
|
How are neutrophils attracted?
|
Attracted to BACTERIA and damaged tissue by chemotactic factors
|
|
|
What is the primary function of neutrophils?
|
PHAGOCYTOSIS
|
|
|
What occurs after neutrophilic phagocytosis?
|
Neutrophil becomes a PHAGOSOME which then fuses with lysosome to form PHAGOLYSOSOME to digest bacteria
|
|
|
What processes enhances phagocytosis? How?
|
Opsonization - coats bacteria with Ab and complement
|
|
|
Define respiratory burst. What leukocyte is it associated with?
|
Bacterial killing by generating H2O2 and hypochlorous acid (assoc. w/ neutrophils)
|
|
|
What are stab cells?
|
immature neutrophils
|
|
|
How do you identify stab cells?
|
Distinctive horeshoe shaped nucleus
|
|
|
What are basophils
|
granualar WBC that stains with basic dyes
|
|
|
What is the least common WBC
|
Basophils
|
|
|
Which leukocyte is the equivalent of a mast cell?
|
Basophil
|
|
|
What is a mast cell that has left the bloodstream and entered tissue
|
Basophil
|
|
|
How is a basophil identified on microscope
|
Highly granulated cell that stains dark blue
|
|
|
What do basophilic 2' granules contain?
|
Heparin sulfate, histamine, leukotriens, eosinophlic chemotactic factor (ECF)
|
|
|
What is the function of heparin sulfate
|
anticoagulant
|
|
|
What is the function of histamin
|
Vasodilation and increases vascular permeability
|
|
|
Which signaling molecule increases vascular permeability?
|
Histamine
|
|
|
What is the function of leukotrienes?
|
slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (severe, whole body allergic reaction)
|
|
|
Which signaling molecule is associated with an asthma attack? How does it cause an attack
|
Leukotrienes. Cause smooth contraction of branchiloles
|
|
|
Basophils are associated with what medical condition
|
Hypersensitivty reaction (e.g. asthma or allergies)
|
|
|
What other type of WBC do basophils attract? How?
|
Eosinophils; through release of eosinophilic chemotactic factor (ECF)
|
|
|
What are eosinophils
|
granular WBC that stains with acidic dyes
|
|
|
What is the function of eosinophils
|
ameliorate/counteract inflammatory rxn of basophils
|
|
|
How is an eosinophil identified on microscopy
|
Bilobed (mickey mouse) nucleus that stains blue; cell looks like a raspberry
|
|
|
How long do eosinophils remain in circulation before entenig tissue
|
3-6 hours
|
|
|
How long do eosinophils survive in tissue
|
8-12 days
|
|
|
What surface receptor is found on eosinophils
|
IgE
|
|
|
What do eosinophilic 2' granules contain
|
Hydrolyic enzymes - histaminase, eosinophil peroxidase and major basic protein
|
|
|
What is the function of histaminase? What cell releases it?
|
neutralizes histamine; eosinophil
|
|
|
What is the function of major basic protein? What cell releases it? How does it function?
|
Neutralizes heparin AND kills parasites
|
|
|
Which WBC is capable of killing parasites? How does it do this?
|
Eosinophils. Releases major basic protein --> destroys antibody-antigen complexes
|
|
|
Which WBC is capable of killing bacteria
|
Neutrophil
|
|
|
How are eosinophils attracted to basophils and mast cells
|
chemotactically via ECF
|
|
|
What is the function of eosinophil derived inhibitor?
|
inhibits basophil and mast cell degranulation?
|
|
|
If an acidic dye were applied to WBC's, which granulocyte would be stained?
|
Eosinophil
|
|
|
If a basic dye were applied to WBC's, which granulocyte would be stained? What color?
|
Basophil
|
|
|
What are the agranulocytes?
|
Monocytes and lymphocytes
|
|
|
What characteristics do agranulocytes share?
|
have single, unlobed nucleus and lack 2' granules
|
|
|
If a leukocyte has a single, unlobed nucleus, it must be a …
|
agranulocyte
|
|
|
If a leukocyte has a multi-lobed nucleus it must be a …
|
granulocyte
|
|
|
Do agranulocytes contain granules
|
YES!!! They lack 2' (specific) granules but do have 1' (azurophilic granules)
|
|
|
What are the largest white blood cells?
|
Monocytes
|
|
|
How can a monocyte be identified
|
kidney bean shaped nucleus; abundant gray-blue cytoblasm
|
|
|
What does a monocyte become once it has entered tissue?
|
A macrophage
|
|
|
How long is a macrophage's lifespan
|
Several months
|
|
|
How can macrophages by classifed
|
On motility. Some are fixed in tissue, others are mobile
|
|
|
What are the main functions of macrophages?
|
Phagocytosis and antigen presenting
|
|
|
What is the main enzyme macrophages contain
|
Phagocytic - abundant hydrolytic enzymes
|
|
|
Moncytes/Macrophages are associated with what medical conditions?
|
Asctive in both subacute and chronic infections
|
|
|
What cell functions to "wall off" an injury? How does it do this?
|
Macrophages fuse together to become a multinucleate epitheliod giant
|
|
|
What is a lymphocyte
|
a mononuclear, agranular leukocyte
|
|
|
Lymphocytes are associated with what medical conditions?
|
Subacute and chronic infections
|
|
|
What is the lifespan of a lymphocyte
|
Days to years
|
|
|
What are the cellular characteristics of lymphocytes
|
Round, denslely staining nucleus with thin rim of cytoplasm
|
|
|
What is an immunocompetent cell
|
Lymphocytes
|
|
|
What is the primary cell of the immune system?
|
Lymphocytes
|
|
|
What are the types of lymphocytes
|
B and T cells
|
|
|
What is the % of each B and T cells
|
10% B-cells, 90% T-cells
|
|
|
Which leukocyte is associated with viral infections?
|
lymphocytes
|
|
|
What is the main function of B cells
|
produce antibodies in HUMORALLY mediated immune response
|
|
|
What occurs when a B-cell encounters an antigen?
|
B-cell undergo multiple divisions to prodce clone of antibody producing plasma cell
|
|
|
What processes are associated with B-cells?
|
amplification or "clonal expansion"
|
|
|
How to identifiy B-cell
|
pale crescent next to nucleus; more cytoplasm than other lymphocytes
|
