Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
neutrophil - describe and function
|
*have granules containing several enzymes
*phagocytosis of bacteria |
|
|
eosinophils - describe and function
|
*bi lobed nucleus and large granules
*defense against parasitic helminths; allergic reactions; found in GIT, vagina, bronchi and uterus |
|
|
lymphocytes - describe and function
|
*scant cytoplasm; B and T look similar
*B - produce antibodies; T - cell-mediate immunity and kill virus infected cells |
|
|
monocytes - describe and function
|
*agranulocyte with kidney shaped nucleus
*precursor of macrophage (monocyte in blood; macrophage in tissue) |
|
|
monocytes - describe and function
|
*agranulocyte with kidney shaped nucleus
*precursor of macrophage (monocyte in blood; macrophage in tissue); kill senescent cells |
|
|
basophils - describe and function
|
*multi lobed nucleus with many granules
*supplement fn of mast cells in immediate hypersensitivity reactions |
|
|
definition of leukaemia
|
progressive malignancy characterised by disordered development and proliferation of leukocytes and their precusors in bone marrow, leading to abnormal amounts of leukocytes entering peripheral blood stream
|
|
|
def of acute leukaemia
|
genetic abnormality in myeloid or lymphoid cells --> lymphoblast/meyloblast entering peripheral blood
|
|
|
def of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
|
aberrant apoptotic signally pathway in B lymphocytes, resulting in lymphocyte accumulation in peripheral blood and bone marrow
|
|
|
def of chronic myeloid leukaemia
|
*myeloproliferative disorder
*translocation between 9 and 22 chrosome creating bcr-abl infusion *charac by accumulation of mature and immature myeloid cells in blood stream and bone marrow |
|
|
AML affects mainly ______
ALL affects mainly ______ |
*older
*young children |
|
|
ALL consists of ______ of acute leukaemias in paediatric population
Peak incidence in ______ years old and a second peak at ________ |
*80%
*3-4 years old; 50 years old * |
|
|
RF for ALL
|
*age - 3-4 years old
*Genetic disorders e.g. Down Syndrome |
|
|
Median age for AML - ?
RF for AML - ? |
*65 years old
*previous radiation/chemical exposure; myelodysplasia |
|
|
AML vs ALL - symptoms and signs
|
Both - symptoms related to pancytopenia (secondary to overcrowding of bone marrow by leukaemia cells)
- neutropenia --> fever and infection - thrombocytopenia --> bleeding - anaemia --> fatigue ALL - sometimes ass. with bone pain (bone marrow expansion + subperiosteum infiltration) - hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, gen lymphadenopathy - meningeal involvement - N+V, dizziness, headaches AML - particularly liver and spleen infiltration - DIC - less CNS involvement |
|
|
diagnosing acute leukaemia
|
1. FBC + blood film - pancytopenia and blasts
2. Bone marrow examination - *aspirate *trephine biopsy 3. tests carried on these samples *morphology *molecular charac by flow cytometry *cytogenic analysis e.g. FISH |
|
|
Auer rods are found in ____
|
AML
|
|
|
typical karyotypic abnormality in AML
|
translocation of chromosome 8 and 21 into region 22
|
|
|
prognostic factors for ALL
|
*age - adults have poorer prognosis
*T cell/B cell - B cell more common and better prognosis *chromosomal translocations - having certain chromosomal abnormalities e.g. Ph chromo worse prognosis *high WCC at diagnosis |
|
|
AML prognostic factors
|
*age > 60 years
*2 or more related co-morbidities *high WCC at diagnosis *karyotypic abnormalities *pre-existing myelodysplasia (arising from B/G of myelodysplasia or following chemotherapy --> worse prognosis) |
|
|
Causes of neutropenia - categories
|
Divided into two categories - decreased/ineffective productino of neutrophils AND increased destruction of neutrophils
|
|
|
Causes of decreased/ineffective production of neutrophils
|
*drugs e.g. sulfasalazine (used in IBD), amiodarone, penicillins, cephalosporins, enalapril, clozapine, ibuprofen
*myelodysplasia --> defective precursors *megaloblastic anaemia (2 to B12/folate deficiency) *suppression of myeloid stem cells (e.g. aplastic anaemia or tumours) *rare inherited conditions e.g. Kostmann syndrome --> impaired differentiation |
|
|
causes of increased neutrophil destruction
|
*overwhelming infection
*immune-mediate e.g. idiopathic, autoimmune e.g. SLE, drugs *hypersplenism |
|
|
when neutropenia is caused by excessive destruction of neutrophils, the marrow is hypo/hyper-cellular??
|
hypercellular, with excessive granulocyte precusors
|
|
|
when neutropenia is caused by ineffective granulopoesis, the marrow is hypo/hyper celluar
|
hypercellular
|
|
|
when neutropenia is caused by drugs suppressing the granulocyte precursors, the marrow is hyper/hypo cellular
|
hypocellular
|
|
|
what organisms can disseminate quickly to cause death in a patient with neutropenia
|
usu. candida, aspergillus
|
|
|
what sort of infections can a patient with neutropenia get?
|
*ulcerating necrotising lesions of the oropharynx
*lesions in skin, vagina, GIT and anus *invasive infection in lungs, urinary tract and kidneys |
