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41 Cards in this Set
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Majoritarian vs Consensus
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-majoritariam: democracy is about the majority rule
=Majoritarian Institutions Unicameral legislature Plurality voting rules Single Party Government Unitary government Parliamentary gov’t Unwritten constitution Parliamentary supremacy/weak courts -Consensual:democracy is about participation, cooperation and compromise. Power is divided and shared. = Consensual Institutions Bicameral legislature Proportional representation Multi-party coalition government Federalism Presidential system Written Constitution Judicial review/ strong courts consensual to majoritarian side =germany-us-fr-uk |
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Parliamentary Gov't
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- thinks about how representative the system is for people in the society
-It allows government to work efficiently -fusion of power of the executive & legislative -no separation of powers or checks & balances -more emphasis on hierarchical control -pm * the cabinet control the parliament because of party discipline, it is very strict |
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Consequences of Majoritarian model
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Poor representation of society in Parliament & government
Decisive government / no gridlock Campaign pledges more likely to be fulfilled Example: Privatization by Conservatives in the 1980s Thatcher comes to power and makes radical changes |
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United Kingdom: A Majoritarian Model of Democracy (aka the ‘Westminster System’)
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Plurality Voting = whoever gets the most votes wins
Unicameral (mostly) Strong House of Commons Weak House of Lords No ‘separation of powers’ No written Constitution Traditionally, a unitary system |
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Germany: A consensual model of democracy
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Proportional Representation voting
Multi-Party/coalition government Strong Bicameralism: Bundestag and Bundesrat Powerful judiciary: Federal Constitutional Court Federalism Safeguards: Constructive vote of no confidence 5% threshold Powerful Supreme Court Corporatist interest group politics |
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Proportional Representation
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-Seats are distributed in porportion to votes
-Encourages multiple parties to get int parliament --need coalitions of different parties to work together --leads to radical and extreme views -leads gov't to be ineffective |
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Party List Voting
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-is the key to determining overall share of seats parties get in parliament
-Need in PR election systems |
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German voting rules
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All candidates who win ‘direct mandate’ get seat in Parliament.
Party list vote (PR vote) determines overall share of seats party will get in Parliament (so MPs are taken from party list to bring party up to correct number of seats) Threshold rule: party must win 5% of vote to get share of seats. |
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Germany: Electing
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Two vote system:
1st vote: for representative for your district. Single member district plurality. 2nd vote: for Party list for your region …but Party list vote is more important. It is the key to determining overall share of seats parties get in parliament. |
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Germany: Parties and Party System
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Parties of the Right:
(CDU) Christian Democrats (FDP) Free Democrats Various neo-fascist parties Parties of the Left: SPD (Social Democrats) Greens PDS (former East German Communists) Linkspartei (‘The Left Party’) |
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Party Discipline:
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-bad side: no longer represent their constituents
-can't speak their mind -god side: pose a united front --no pork barrel politics --no earmarks- putting in specific budget costs to benefit their districts. -Disciplined parties can present a legislative program during the campaign and, if awarded a majority of seats, deliver on their promises. |
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Gerrymandering
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-drawing lines in towns to form districts
-makes life safe for incumbents, so they don't have to compete -Shifts competition from the general election to the primary, where candidates / politics are more extreme |
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Duverger's Law
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-electoral system based on SMDPWill encourage a 2 party system
-leads to moderate politics -depresses voter turnout & participation |
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Germany: Electoral system
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-Mixed member / dual ballot system designed to combine good aspects of single member districts (each area has a representative) with good aspects of PR (broader range of views/parties in Parliament).
-Mixed, dual ballot system (everyone gets 2 votes) -Direct vote for district and party vote =½ of MPs = direct representatives for districts (by plurality voting) =½ of MPs = from party lists (by PR voting) -5% threshold designed to keep out tiny parties/ encourage stability. Implications of party list PR |
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Down's Median Voter Theorem
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-2 parties will compete over the median voter to win the election
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Comparing Plurality and PR
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-Representation of society: PR wins
-Moderation: Plurality wins -Govt stability: Plurality wins -But… cabinet instability doesn’t mean government or regime instability -Accountability: it is a toss-up =(Plurality gives each district an individual representative whom they can hold accountable. PR makes parties more accountable.) -Women: PR wins -Left vs. Right: Plurality favors rural & right |
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Plurality Voting
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US=139th in world in voter turnout. Only 40-50% of those eligible vote in Congressional & Presidential elections (much less at at state level)
-PluralityTwo-party System -Single Member District Plurality Voting US and UK Duverger’s law Downs’ ‘Median voter theorem -Voters on left are concentrated in cities. Rural areas tend to be more conservative Single member district systems tend to over-represent conservative, rural areas. |
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Coalition Gov't
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-parliamentary gov't formed by multiple parties
-must occur because no one party won the majority of the votes |
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Liberal Parties
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- original capitalists in the 19th cent, was a movement against conservative forces of the church & state
- toda it stand for laissez- faire, fiscal austerity, freedom of choice on moral issues |
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Social Market Economy
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-capitalist econ styls but that provides for various forms of govt intervention to protect people against hard times & reduce inequality
-successfully combines socialism with social welfare -pursued as a middle path btwn socialism & laissez-faire capitalism =in post-war Germany, a group of econ invented this =wanted a system that relied on market capitalism as the engine for growth =allows gov't to regulate/stabilize markets =provides for social protection through labor regulations & various social insurance schemes |
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European Social Market Economy
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-Pursued as a ‘middle path’ or ‘3rd way’ between socialism and laissez-faire capitalism
-Socialists want: =Substantial public ownership of industry and government planned economy =Significant redistribution of wealth -Laissez-faire capitalists want: =Minimal (or no) government interference in markets =Minimal (if any) social safety net -But they see that unfettered capitalism can have disastrous social and political consequences -Relies on market capitalism as engine for growth Allows government to regulate/ stabilize markets Provides for social protection through labor regulations and various social insurance schemes |
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Social Democratic Parties
Examples: Sweden, Finland, Norway, Denmark |
-party element of the 19th cent. union movement
-split with the communists after 1917 from 1970 onward, its main goals were: =greater economic distribution = greater job security =co-determination =& from the late 1980's more on environment, economic growth & citizen participation -Big in early all countries |
Origins: Social Democratic parties working with unions
Aim: Comprehensive/ Universal coverage for all citizens: ‘decommodification’ of labor High income replacement rates. Extensive redistribution and public services. Little or no stigma to receiving benefits High taxes. |
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Christian Democratic Parties:Germany, Spain, Italy, France, Netherlands, Belgium
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-19th Cent. Catholic response to liberalism on the right & socialism (on the left)
-focus on moral issues - economic policy -social cap =protecting people form the ups and sowns of the conomy =system abt social insurance rather than redistributing the wealth -middle of the road btwn. individualism & collectivism |
Origins: Conservatives fending off socialism
Coverage tied to main breadwinner (historically dad) Aim: Maintaining status, not redistributing income Minimal public services. Instead, encourage Church, Unions and social organizations to provide services. Higher taxes/ substantial "social contributions" from employers. |
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Green Parties:
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Party leg of the social movements
- -issues: envn, pacifism, feminism, alternative lifestyle/ post materialism |
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Corporatism
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-type of inerest group politics in Europe
-few groups, hierachical, rcongnized by the state -privileged insides -strategies focus on negotiation & compromise -consists of labor unions, employers & gov't relations -tripartite negotiations- forms a social partnership -econ impacts =fewer strikes =unions restrain wage demands in exchange for employers avoiding lay-offs & providing other benefits =solidarity across industry- encourages skilled workforce =inflexibility |
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Liberal Market Economy
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what the us has
-a free market economy -characterized by a decentralized system in industrial relations, with collective bargaining taking place at the workplace |
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Flexicurity
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-flexible labor market & social security
-portable benefits & active labor market policy =retraining & placements services -active labor market policy costs. |
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Codetermination:
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-long-term stability; management less likely to fire a lot of people
-small improvements in the production process -makes high quality products -more involved in company work- less likely to go on strike -employee representatives on the commitee board -‘Stakeholder’ control as opposed to only ‘shareholder’ control -more training |
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Works Councils
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-employee rep on the management board
-takes into account the workers's perspective & input -stakeholder control as opposed to only share holder control |
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Christian Democratic Welfare state
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-coverage tied to the main breadwinner
-origins: conservatives feeding off socialism -aims maintaining status, not redistributing income -minimal public services- instaead encourage the church, unions & social org. to provide services -increases taxes/ substantial "social" contributions from employers |
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Social Democratic Welfare State
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-origines: social Dems working with unions
-aims: Comprehensive/ universal coverage for all citizens- decommodification" of labor -increase income replacement rates -extensive redistributions & public services -little or no stigma to receiving benefits -high taxes |
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Anglo-Saxon (residual) welfare State: US, UK, Ireland
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-welfare- poor relief & stigmatized
-benefits: means- tested & needs- based -Most "social insurance" & care left to the free market -employment related benefits/ pensions |
Welfare” = Poor-relief and stigmatized
Benefits = need based and means-tested Modest universal transfers & social insurance schemes Most "social insurance"/ care left to free market Employment related benefits / pensions (i.e. health care) Low taxes? Link to ‘Liberal Market Economy’: Low minimum wages + little worker protection + minimal safety net encourages workers to accept low wage jobs and encourages labor market flexibility |
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Bismark Model
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-employment based coverage
-coverage is portable, you don't lose it when you lose your job * you can take it with any new job -private, but non-profit insurers. -individual mandate: everyone must have health insurance -far more competition & individual choice -costs are split btwn. the employers and workers for premiums -sickness funds negotiate prices with doctors, hospitals and drug co. -no denial of claims -all insurers must offer some basic package but can supplement it with extras to compete with each other -high quality, freedom of choice, short waiting times, low admin costs, relatively high cost, universal coverage |
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Beveridge Model:
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financing: gov't collects tax revenues
-most hospitals & clinics are gov't owned and most doctors work of the govt -doctos get incentive payments to improve patients's outcomes |
One big difference: in UK when NICE refuses to fund a new drug, that becomes a political issue subject to public debate. In US, when an insurer does that to a person, it is only a personal struggle
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National insurance model
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-single payer
-providers are private -one national insurer that everyone pays into -insurer then pays med. bills -having one insurer helps with cost control- they negotiate lower prices -national insurer may impose waiting lists */ or refuse to cover some -Canada, taiwan * S. Korea |
Providers (Doctors/ hospitals) are private
There is one national insurer that everyone pays into. The insurer then pays medical bills. Having one insurer helps with cost control. They negotiate lower prices National insurer may impose waiting lists and/or refuse to cover some expensive/experimental procedures to control costs Canada, Taiwan, South Korea |
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Out of Pocket Model
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-if you have money, you pay the doctor to provide care
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German "sickness funds"
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-non profit & cannot deny conveage based on pre-existing conditions
-compete with each other for members -bargain with doctors as a group |
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Medicare
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US universal healthcare for people over 65
-works like the single payer model from canada |
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National Health Service (NHS)
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-our single-payer publicly funded healthcare systems in Great Britain, collectively or individually
-discrimination when a patient resident in one country of the United Kingdom requires treatment in another |
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Carte Vitale
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a plastic card in which you show the doctor to make the process of reimburstment of funds to your accounts easier
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Why America needs health reform?
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US spends far more than any other country on health care (16.5% of GDP) & costs are growing rapidly
Rising health care costs are by far the #1 cause of long term government deficit in US 700,000 personal bankruptcies/ year from health care costs Wasteful administration: 25 to 30 % of some corporate insurers’ costs go to administration (versus 6 percent for Medicare and 5% or less in many European systems) ‘Job lock’ – people with job related coverage are afraid to leave job. This creates inflexibility in labor market. Insurers have little incentive to invest in preventive care |
Quality:
Overall performance: US= 37th (WHO) Avoidable mortality: US =15th (commonwealth fund Infant mortality: US=22nd |
