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12 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ionotropic effect--
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direct effect of a neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic receptors; activates or deactivated ionotropic receptors (ion channels); ionotropic effects begin within one to a few milliseconds and last only about 20 ms.
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metabotropic effect--
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the binding of a neurotransmitter to a receptor may trigger a series of chemical reactions in the postsynaptic neuron that are slower and that last longer than ionotropic effects.
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G-protein--
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protein that is coupled to guanosine triphosphate (GTP), an energy-sorting molecule; that G-protein increases the concentration of the second messenger, such as cyclic AMP, inside the cell.
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second messenger--
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molecule (e.g. cyclic AMP) that comminicates to different areas within the cell. It opens or closes ion channels in the membrane or alters the production of proteins or activates a portion of a chromosome; an ionotropic synapse has effects localized to one point on the membrane, whereas a metabotropic synapse, by way of its second messenger, influences activity in a larger area of the cell and over a longer time.
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neuromadulator--
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metabotropic neurotransmitter that does not directly excite or inhibit the postsynaptic cell but increase or decrease the release of other transmitters or alter the response of postsynaptic cells to carious inputs.
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hormone--
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chemical that is secreted, in most cases by a gland but also by other kinds of cells, and conveyed by the blood to other organs, whose activity it influences.
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pituitary gland--
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structure attached to the hypothalamus, which consists of the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary, which release different sets of hormones.
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releasing hormone--
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hormones secreted by the hypothalamus that flow through the blood to the anterior pituitary and stimulates or inhibits the release of hormones: ACTH, TSH, prolactin, GH, FSH, and LH.
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acetylcholinesterase--
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enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine into 2 fragments: acetate & choline; the choline diffuses back to the presynaptic neuron, which takes it up and reconnects it with acetate already in the cell to form acetylcholine again.
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reuptake--
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the process by which the presynaptic neuron takes up most of these neurotransmitter molecules and reuses them; this process occurs through transporters.
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transporter--
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special membrane proteins involved in the reuptake process
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autoreceptor--
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receptors that detect the amount of transmitter released and inhibit further synthesis and release after it reaches a certain level.
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