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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the study of genes
or the scientific study of heredity |
genetics
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study how traits are passed from parents to their offspring.
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geneticist
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the father of genetics
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Gregor Mendel
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The trait that was always expressed when two traits were mixed
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dominant
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The trait that is present but not expressed
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recessive
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two different forms of the same gene
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allele
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a visible trait caused by genes which are invisible.
The observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism, as determined by both genetic makeup and environmental influences. |
phenotype
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The genetic makeup, as distinguished from the physical appearance, of an organism or a group of organisms.
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genotype
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Genetics Of or relating to a generation or the sequence of generations following the parental generation.
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filial
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sex cells
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gametes
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the female gamete
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egg
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the male gamete
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sperm
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tates that one allele expresses complete dominance over the other.
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Principle of Dominance
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states that alternative alleles separate during gamete formation.
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Principle of Segregation
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cross involves using a Punnett square with only one trait
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monohybrid
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cross involves using a Punnett square with two different traits.
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dihybrid
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A true breeding organsims genotype is said to be
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Homozygous,
Homogenous, or Homologous |
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A organism with a hybrid genotype is said to be
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Heterozygous,
Heterologous, or Heterogensous |
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Neither allele is dominant over the other, thus both are expressed.
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Co-dominance
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The heterozygote is an intermediate between the homozygous phenotypes.
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Incomplete dominance
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The seemingly unrelated expression of multiple phenotypic traits caused by a single gene.
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Pleotropy
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When one gene influences the phenotypic expression of another gene; a form of multigenic trait where several genes influence a single phenotype.
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Epistasis
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The effect of mutation in one cell at the two-cell stage in embryonic development in an individual.
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Somatic Mosaicism
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The phenotypic expression of an allele is dependent on the sex of the individual and is directly tied to the sex chromosomes.
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Sex Linkage
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credited with the discovery of the double helix of DNA
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Watson and Crick
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concluded that the hereditary material resides in the nucleus.
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Sutton
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discovered sex-linkage while conducting fruit fly experiments
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Morgan
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paved the way for genetic maps
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Sturtevant
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organized the “RNA Tie Club”
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George Gamow
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Name the 4 nitrogenous bases found in DNA
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Adenine
Cytosine Guanine Thymine |
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Name the two nitrogenous bases that are classified as purines that found in DNA
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Adenine
Guanine |
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Name the two nitrogenous bases that are classified as pyrimidines that found in DNA
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Cytosine
Thymine |
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Name the 3 subunits that make up the nucleotides found in DNA
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a nitrogenous base
a deoxyribose sugar phosphate group |
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What phase does replication occur?
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The S phase
or Synthesis phase |
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What does DNA stand for?
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Deoxyribonucleic acid
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How many chromosomes does a human cell have?
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46
or 23 pairs |
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How many base pairs are in the human genome?
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6 billion base pairs
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What is the subunit that makes up DNA
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Nucleotides
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What is the pattern of the backbone?
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Sugar
Phosphate Sugar Phosphate |
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What pairs with adenine in DNA?
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Thymine
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What pairs with Guanine in DNA?
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Cytosine
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What pairs with Thymine in DNA?
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Adenine
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What pairs with Cytosine in DNA?
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Guanine
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What pairs with adenine in RNA?
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Uracil
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What pairs with Urasil in RNA?
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Adenine
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What is the carbon called that is attached to the phosphate group?
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The 5’ carbon ( 5 prime carbon)
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What is attached to the 3’ end?
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A hydroxyl group (OH)
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What is the central dogma of molecular biology?
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Information is stored in DNA
Encoded in RNA Decoded into Proteins |
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What direction does the leading strand of DNA flow?
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5’ to 3’
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What is the strand called that runs in a 3’ to 5’?
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The lagging strand
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In what direction does RNA polymerase elongate strands?
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5’ to 3’
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Why is DNA synthesis referred to as a semi-conservation process
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The half of the new DNA part is the old strand and the other half is a newly replicated strand
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What is the only macromolecule in the cell that is repaired?
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DNA
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How does DNA polymerase help in DNA repair?
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It removes errors in the base pair sequence and replaces them
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What do restriction enzymes do?
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Cut the DNA into smaller sequences
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