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181 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the term for maintaining things within an acceptable range?
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Homeostasis
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All cells come from preexisting cells. This is known as the _____________?
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Cell theory
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What do Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes have in common?
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ribosomes
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Explain the system of taxonomy.
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Kingdom
Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
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What are the five kingdoms?
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Eukaryotes: Protista (unicellular), Animalia, Plantae, Fungi
Prokaryotes: (unicellular bacteria) monera |
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Null hypothesis
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No differance
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Alternative hypothesis
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differance
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What are the steps in the scientific method?
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1) Review accumulated data
2) Form hypothesis 3) experiment and observe to collect data 4) evaluate results |
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This is the number of electrons that you need.
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valence
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This is the number of electrons that you have
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valence electrons
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What is the rule that says that you need 8 electrons in the outermost shell for stability?
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Octet rule
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In this type of bond there is a transfer of electrons.
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Ionic
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In this type of bond electrons are shared.
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Covalent
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This is shared unequally.
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Polar Covalent
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This is shared equally.
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Non-Polar
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What has a different number of neutrons but the same number of protons?
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Isotope
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What has the same mollecular formula but a differernt shape?
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Isomer
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What are the three types of isomers?
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Structural-variation in arrangement
Geometric-Variations around a double bond Enantiomers- Variations around asymmetric carbon-- NOn super imposible miror images |
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Inactive enantiomer
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D Dopa
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Enantiomer that helps with Parkinsons
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L Dopa
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Subunits that will build a substance
ex amino acid makes protein |
Monomer
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Molecule made of many monomers
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Polymer
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This is breaking bonds by adding water
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Hydrolysis
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This is making bonds by removing water
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Condensation Synthesis
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Amino acid structure
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R group (id tag of a.a)
Carboxyl group Amino group H |
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Levels of Protein
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Primary-amino acid has no shape or function.
PEPTIDE bond Secondary- Alpha helix and beta pleated sheets HYDROGEN bond Terciary- 3d shape, 1st time protein can function R-GROUPS Quaternary- (optional)- 2 or more polypeptides |
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This organelle protects DNA
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nucleus
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This organelle synthesises protein
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rough er
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This organelle synthesises lipids and detoxifies
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smoothe er
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This organelle acts as the "UPS" of the cell, recieving, modifying, and sending info elsewhere in the cell
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Golgi
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This organelle is responsible for detoxification of materiels
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Peroxisomes
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This organelle is responsible for degrading or destroying materiels
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Lysosomes
ex Tay Sachs |
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Parts of the cytoskelleton
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Intermediate filament-structural support
Microfilament- Helps muscle contraction Microtubule- Helps cell reproduction |
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This type of junction does not allow substances to pass through
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Tight junction
Occludin |
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This type of junction will allow substances to pass, also called communicating
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Gap junction
Connexin |
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This type of junction connects cells, and is used for structural support
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Anchoring junction
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This is also called a phospholipid bilayer, made of two phospholipids, has a polar head (hydrophillic) and a non polar (hydorphobic) tail.
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Cell membrane
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This type of protein may pass through the entire membrane, may be used for transport
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Integral
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This type of protein does not pass through the cell membrane
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Peripheral
********glycoprotein-gives cell id tag |
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Something that has both hydrophillic and hydrophobic parts, polar and non polar regions
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Amphipathic
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In this type of transport solutes move from high concentration to low concentration with no help
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Passive transport
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In this type of transport solutes move from high concentration to low concentration with the help of a protein
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Facilitative
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In this type of transport solutes move from low to high with the help of ATP
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Active transport
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This is the movement of water molecules from high conc to low conc
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Osmosis
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This type of transporter moves 1 substance in one direction
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Uniport
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This type of transporter moves 2 substances in one direction
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Symport
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This type ot transporter moves 2 substances in opposite directions
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Antiport
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This type of transporter is responsible for the transportation of water
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Aquaporin
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This is more water than solute
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Hypotonic
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This is more solute than water
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Hypertonic
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Solutions of equal solute concentration
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Isotonic
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This is the transport of molecules into the cell
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endocytosis
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This is the transport of molecules out of the cell
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exocytosis
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Type of endocytosis in which germs or bacteria enter the cell
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phagocytosis
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Type of endocytosis in which water enters the cell
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pinocytosis
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Type of endocytosis in which receptors regulate what can enter the cell
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receptor mediated
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Chemical reactions which require input of energy
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Endergonic
+ delta g |
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Chemical reactions which release energy
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Exergonic
- delta g |
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Facts about enzymes:
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Do not change delta g
Speed up reactions Lower activation energy Effected by ph, salt, concentration, temp. |
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This type of inhibitor blocks enzymes at active site
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Competetive
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This type of inhibitor enters the secondary site and changes the shape of the active site
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Non competetive
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The two ways to make ATP
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Chemiosmosis aka oxidative phosphorolization (used in ETC)
Substrate level phosphorilation (used in Krebs, glycolysis) |
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What are energy intermediaries?
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Hydrogen carriers
ex Nadh Fadh |
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Where does glycloysis take place?
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Cytoplasm
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What goes in to glycolysis?
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glucose
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What is made in glycolysis?
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2 pyruvate, 2 atp, 2 NADH
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What type of ATP synthesis is used in glycolysis?
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Substrate level phos.
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Where does the citric acid cycle take place?
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Mitochondrial matrix
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What goes in to the Krebs cycle?
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Acetal coa
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What is made in Krebs cycle?
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2 Fadh, 2 ATP, 6 Nadh (2 turns of Krebs)
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What type of ATP synthesis is used in the Krebs cycle?
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substrate level phos.
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Where does the Electron transport chain take place?
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cristae (inner membrane)
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What goes in to the ETC?
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Nadh, Fadh
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What is made in the ETC?
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34 ATP
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What type of ATP synthesis in the ETC?
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Ox Phos.
chemiosmosis |
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Cellular respiration makes a total of how many ATP?
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38
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This type of poison blocks the first protein channel in the electron transport chain.
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rotenone
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This type of poison blocks oxygen from binding to hydrogen
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Cyanide and carbon monoxide
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This type of poison blocks ATP synthase
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Oligomycin
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This type of poison eats holes in the membrane
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DNP
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Plants REFLECT what color?
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green
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Plants absorb what color?
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every other color
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Where does the light reaction of photosynthesis take place?
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Thylakoid membrane
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Where does the dark reaction(Calvin cycle) of photosynthesis take place?
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Stroma
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What is the by-product of the light rxn?
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oxygen
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What is produced in the light reaction?
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ATP and NADPH
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What goes in to the light cycle?
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H20 and C02
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What goes into the dark cycle of photosynthesis?
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ATP, C02
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What does the dark cycle of photosynthesis produce?
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Sugar
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How do plants make ATP?
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Chemiosmosis
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Body cells are also known as ___________.
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Somatic cells
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Sex cells are also known as __________.
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Gamets
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What happens in G1?
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The cell grows
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What happens in G2?
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Check for Dna damage
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What happens in S phase?
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DNA synthesis
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What happens in G0?
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Cell only enters if damaged
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What are the 3 checkpoints?
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G1, G2, M
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What is the restriction point?
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G1
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What is interphase?
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G1, S, G2
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What is the male determinent gene located on the Y chromosome?
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SRY
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What is the master tumor supressor that controls cell suicide?
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P53
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What are the 2 types of cell death?
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necrosis-normal cell death
apoptosis- programmed cell suicide |
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Is mitosis always diploid?
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Yes, body cells
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What is the formation of homologus pairs/tetrad called?
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Synapsis
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What is the crossing over of chromosomes called?
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Chiasmata
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When is the first time that a sex cell is haploid?
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telophase 1 of meiosis 1
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2 of the same type of allele are called?
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homozygous
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2 different alleles are called?
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heterozygous
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2 of the same alleles for a given trait can also be refered to as _____________.
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True breeding
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Random assortment of chromosomes on the metaphase plate is called ___________.
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Independant assortment
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A specific location for a gene on a chromosome
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Locus
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One allele is not completely dominant over the other
ex red+white=pink |
Incomplete dominance
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This is when a single gene effects multiple characteristics
ex sickle cell |
Pleiotropy
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This is when one gene interferes with the expression of another.
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Epistasis
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This is when a single characteristic is influencced by many genes
ex height |
Polygenetic inheritance
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This is an inactive x chromosome
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Barr body
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This is the display of chromosome pairs
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Karyotype
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This is a failure of separation of chromosome pairs in meiosis
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Nondisjunction
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This is 47 chromosomes
xxy males |
Kleinfelters
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This is 45 chromosomes
xo females |
Turners syndrome
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What is down syndrome?
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3 of #21 chromosome
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How can down syndrome occur?
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Robertsonian translocation btn #14 and #21
Nondisjunction |
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These guys found that DNA was the genetic material.
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Hershey and Chase
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These guys discovered the 3d shape of DNA
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Watson and Crick
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These two discovered that DNA is semiconservative
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Messelson and Stahl
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This dude discovered ratios, A=T, C=G
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Chargoff
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Facts about DNA
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antiparallel
synthesized 5' to 3' nucleotides added to 3' end made of: 5 carbon sugar phospate group nucleotides |
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What enzyme unwinds the double helix?
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Helicase
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What enzyme prevents overwinding of DNA?
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Topoisomerase
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What enzyme adds a RNA primer?
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Primase
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Adds nucleotides 5' to 3' on 3' end
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DNA polymerase 3
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Removes rna primer, replaces it with DNA
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DNA polymerase 1
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Links okazaki fragments
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DNA ligase
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Facts about transcription
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DNa into Mrna
Nucleus start at promoter region/tata box enzyme used: rna polymerase |
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After transcription but before translation
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Poly A tail added to 3' end of Mrna
5' cap added to 5' end of mrna |
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Facts about translation
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Mrna into protein
cytoplasm uses trna (anticodon), carries a.a 2 ribosomal subunits E,P,A |
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These are non coded regions of DNA that are not translated
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introns
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These are coded regions of DNA that are translated
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exons
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Facts about viruses
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Need a host to reproduce
Made of nucleic acid and protein |
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The protein covering that encloses viruses is called _________.
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Capsid
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These are the cells that a virus can affect
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Host range
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In this cycle symptoms are experienced, and the host is killed
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Lytic cycle
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In this cycle a viral genome is produced, prophage synthesizes viral dna, host not destroyed
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Lysogenic cycle
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Pure rna that infect plants, do not encode any proteins
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Viroid
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Misfolded proteins with no nucleic acids
ex mad cow |
Prion
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These have reverse transcriptase, synthesize rna into dna
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Retrovirus
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What was the name of Darwin's ship
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HMS Beagle
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What was Darwin's job?
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Specimen collector/
naturalist |
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What book did Darwin publish?
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Origin of Species
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He believed that characteristics aquired during a lifetime would be passed on to their offspring
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Lamark
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Darwin's main 4 observations:
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Members of a population vary in traits
Traits are inherited from parents to offspring Species can produce more offspring than the enviornment can handle Offspring may not survive due to lack of food/recources |
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This is a group of individuals of a species in the same area
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Population
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All of the alleles in all of the individuals in a population available to be inherited by the next generation
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Gene pool
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Genes entering or leaving a population
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Gene flow
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Individuals with characteristics that can better suit their enviornment reproduce
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Natural selection
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Hardy Weinberg 5 conditions
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No mutations
No natural selection No gene flow Random mating Large Population |
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What is the allele frequency formula?
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P+Q=1
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What is the genotypic frequency formula?
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P2+2PQ+Q2=1
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Dominant allele
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P
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Recessive allele
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Q
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Homozygous Dominant
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p2
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Homozygous Recessive
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q2
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Heterozygous
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2PQ
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This is the change in gene pool due to chance to a small population
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Genetic drift
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This is genetic drift when few individuals leave population and start a colony elsewhere
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Founder effect
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This is genetic drift when the population declines due to natural disaster
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Bottleneck effect
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Individual heterozygote for some traits are more favorable
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Heterozygote advantage
ex hetero for sickle cell= resistance to malaria |
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In this mode of selection intermediate is favored to extreme
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Stabilizing Selection
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In this mode of selection one extreme is favored
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Directional Selection
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In this mode of selection both extremes are favored over intermediate
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Diversifying Selection
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Of the 92 naturally occuring elements, how many are essential to life?
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25
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What 4 elements make up 96% of living matter?
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Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon
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What is a negatively charged ion called?
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anion
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What is a positively charged ion called?
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cation
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What is a protein folding helper called?
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Chaperonin
Helps in secondary to get shape |
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What is the study of compounds that contain carbon called?
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Organic chemistry
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This is a build-up
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anabolic
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This is to break down
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Catabolic
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Loss of electrons,
exergonic |
Oxidation
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This is a gain of electrons
Endergonic |
Reduction
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What is a stack of thylakoid called?
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Granum
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