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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The knee joint is called what and is formed by the articulation of what bones?
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tibiofemoral joint formed by the articulation of the distal femur and proximal tibia. |
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What is the largest synovial joint in the body?
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tibiofemoral joint
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What type of joint is the tibiofemoral joint and what actions is it capable of?
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modified hinge joint; it is capable of flexion, extension, and when the knee is in a flexed position, it can medially/laterally rotate. |
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The region of the knee also includes what small bony structure and long bone?
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the patella (kneecap) and the proximal fibula
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Are the bony structures of the knee superficial and easily accessible?
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yes
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What are the bones of the lower leg? |
the tibia and fibula
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what bone is also called the shinbone?
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the tibia
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the fibula is ________ in relationship to the tibia
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lateral
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what percentage of the body's weight does the fibula bear?
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only 10% (it is the thinnest bone in the body in proportion to its length) |
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How many bones does the foot contain?
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26
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The hindfoot is the union of what?
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the talus and calcaneus
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what bones articulate to form the ankle joint and what is the ankle joint called?
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the talus articulates with the tibia and fibula, forming the talocrural joint (ankle joint)
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the midfoot is composed of what bones?
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5 tarsals; Cuboid lateral cuneiform middle cuneiform medial cuneiform navicular |
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What bones are the forefoot formed by?
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metatarsals and phalanges
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how many phalanges does each toe have?
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big toe is formed by 2 sizeable phalanges and other toes are formed by 3 phalanges |
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The phalanges are accessible on what sides?
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all sides
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what are the lateral and medial malleoli?
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the large, conspicuous knobs on either side of the ankle.
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the medial malleolus is located at the distal end of what bone?
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tibia
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the lateral malleolus is located at the distal end of what bone?
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fibula
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what are the small vertical grooves carved into the posterior surfaces of the medial and lateral malleolus' and what are they designed for?
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malleolar grooves, designed to offer stability and leverage to tendons that bend around the ankle.
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What bone forms the heel of the foot and what are the bony landmarks? (3)
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the calcaneus - tubersosity (rounded region located along posterior surface, where calcaneal tendon attaches) - sustentaculum tali (located on medial side of calcaneus, it supports the talus on the calcaneus and is an attachment site for deltoid ligament) - peroneal trochlea (located on lateral side, it is a small, superficial prominence to help stabilize the peroneal muscles) |
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What are the 3 accessible landmarks of the talus?
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- head (round, anterior portion that articulates w/ navicular) - trochlea (large, superior prominence of the body, wedged between distal ends of tibia & fibula) - medial tubercle (attachment site for deltoid ligament) |
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the calcaneus, talus and cuboid bones are all roughly what shape?
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cubed
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What is the Halux?
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the big toe
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what type of joint is the first metatarsophalangeal joint of the hallux and where is it located?
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ellipsoid located at the ball of the foot |
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The first metatarsal articulates with the __________ and forms a visible crest on the top of the foot that can be irritated by wearing tight shoes.
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cuneiform
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in the 2nd-5th digits (toes) what are the 2 articulations?
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proximal interphalangeal joint (pip joint) distal interphalangeal joint (dip joint) |
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The tuberosity of the 5th metatarsal is the attachment site for what?
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the peroneus brevis
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What is the arch of the medial side of the foot collapsing commonly known as?
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flat foot
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the 3 cuneiforms lie in a row between what bones?
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the navicular and metatarsals
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the medial cuneiform serves as an attachment for what muscles? (2)
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tibialis anterior and tibialis posterior
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what do the terms digitigrades, unguligrades and plantigrades mean?
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digitigrades means the animal walks on toes unguligrades are hooved animals plantigrades (humans) means walk on soles of feet |
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the tuberosity of the medial side of the navicular is the attachment site for what?
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the tibialis posterior and the spring ligament
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Most of the muscles of the leg can be divided into how many groups and what are they?
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four; gastrocnemius and soleus (calf muscles) peroneus longus and brevis (lateral side of leg) extensors of ankle and toes flexors of ankle and toes |
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the gastrocnemius and soleus, together, form what is known as the ___________ that attaches to the strong calcaneal (Achilles) tendon.
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triceps surae
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how many heads does the gastrocnemius have and how many joints does it cross?
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2 heads crosses 2 joints (the knee and ankle) |
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What muscle is deep to the gastrocnemius?
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the soleus
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What is the soleus sometimes called and why?
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the second heart because of the important role its strong contractions play in returning blood from the leg to the heart.
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Gastrocnemius A- O- I- N- |
A- Flex the knee (tibiofemoral joint), plantar flex the ankle (talocrural joint) O- condyles of the femur, posterior surfaces I- calcaneus via calcaneal tendon N- tibial S1, 2 |
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Soleus A- O- I- N- |
A- plantar flex the ankle (talocrural joint) O- soleal line; proximal, posterior surface of tibia and posteror aspect of head of fibula I- calcaneus via calcaneal tendon N- Tibial L5, S1,2 |
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when do you use your gastrocnemius and soleus?
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- peeking over a fence (standing on your toes) - walking, running, climbing-virtually all forms of ambulation - carrying a heavy backpack up a steep hill (plantar flexion with strength and balance) - pedaling your bike up the grueling hairpin turns of L'Alpe d'Huez in France |
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Why was the calcaneal tendon originally called the Achilles' tendon?
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refers to a small but fatal weakness (story of Achilles)
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What muscle has a short belly, but the longest tendon in the body?
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Plantaris
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Plantaris A- O- I- N- |
A- weak plantar flexion of the ankle, weak flexion of the knee O- lateral supracondylar line of femur I- calcaneus via calcaneal tendon N- Tibial L4, 5, S1, 2 |
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what muscle in the leg is absent in 10% of the population?
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plantaris
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what is the deepest muscle of the posterior knee?
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popliteus
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What muscle is vital in "unlocking" the joint from an extended position; hence its nickname, "the key which unlocks the knee"?
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popliteus
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Popliteus A- O- I- N- |
A- medially rotate the flexed knee, flex the knee O- lateral condyle of the femur I- Proximal, posterior aspect of tibia N- Tibial L4, 5, S1 |
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What muscles are also known as the fibularis longus and brevis?
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Peroneus Longus and Brevis
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Which side of the fibula are the peroneus longus and Brevis located?
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lateral side
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Peroneus Longus A- O- I- N- |
A- Evert the foot, assist to plantar flex the ankle O- head of the fibula and proximal 2/3 of lateral fibula I- Base of the 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform N- Superficial peroneal L4, 5, S1 |
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Peroneus Brevis A- O- I- N- |
A- Evert the foot, assist to plantar flex the ankle O- distal 2/3 of lateral fibula I- Tuberosity of 5th metatarsal N- Superficial peroneal L4, 5, S1 |
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When do you use your peroneals?
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- scraping mud off the inside edge of your boot (eversion of the ankle) - hiking on a rocky trail (small, specific stabilizing movements of the foot) - ice skating or skate skiing (eversion occurring at the end of a stroke) |
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Is it uncommon to have a 3rd peroneal?
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no, it would be called the peroneus tertius. It would be found anterior to the lateral malleolus on front of ankle. |
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What are the extensors of the ankle and toes? (3)
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Tibialis Anterior Extensor Digitorum Longus Extensor Hallucis Longus |
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Where are the extensors of the ankle and toes located?
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on the anterior aspect of the leg between the shaft of the tibia and the peroneal muscles. |
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Where do all three tendons of the extensors of the ankle and toes cross?
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beneath the extensor retinacula at the ankle
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Which muscle is the most clearly isolated of the extensors of the ankle and toes?
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the tibialis anterior
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Where is the tibialis anterior located?
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directly lateral to the tibial shaft
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what muscle is squeezed between the tibialis anterior and the peroneal muscles?
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the extensor digitorum longus
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where are the four tendons of the extensor digitorum longus palpable?
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on the dorsal surface of the foot
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The muscle belly of which ankle/toes extensor lies deep to the other two ankle/toes extensor muscles?
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the extensor hallucis longus
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where is the distal tendon of the extensor hallucis longus found?
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the dorsal surface of the foot as it leads toward the 1st toe.
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when do you use your extensors?
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- balancing on one foot - putting on and taking off your socks and shoes - during the swing phase of your gait (lifting the foot after toe-off so that your foot clears the ground) |
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Tibialis Anterior A- O- I- N- |
A- invert the foot, dorsiflex the ankle O- lateral condyle of the tibia; proximal, lateral surface of tibia and interosseous membrane I- medial cuneiform and base of the first metatarsal N- Deep peroneal L4, 5, S1 |
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Extensor Digitorum Longus A- O- I- N- |
A- extend the 2nd-5th toes (metatarsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints), dorsiflex the ankle, evert the foot O- lateral condyle of tibia; proximal, anterior shaft of fibula and interosseous membrane I- middle and distal phalnes of 2nd-5th toes N- middle and distal phalanges of 2nd-5th toes |
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Extensor Hallucis Longus A- O- I- N- |
A- extend the 1st toe, dorsiflex the ankle, invert the foot O- middle, anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane I- distal phalanx of 1st toe N- deep peroneal L4, 5, S1 |
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What are the flexors of the ankle and toes? (3)
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Tibialis Posterior Flexor Digitorum Longus Flexor Hallucis Longus |
