Lee Soc 2275 Test 2 Ch 4-6

Front 1

Social structure

Back 1

Social patterns that guide our behavior in everyday life. The building blocks of structure are status and role

Front 2

Social interaction

Back 2

Process by which people act and react in relation to others

Front 3

Status

Back 3

A social position that a person holds

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Status set

Back 4

All the statuses a person holds at a given time

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Ascribed status

Back 5

A social position a person receives involuntarily

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Achieved status

Back 6

A social position which is earned and reflects personal ability

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Master status

Back 7

Status that shapes a person's life ( being an accomplished a actor or becoming handicapped)

Front 8

Role set

Back 8

Introduced by Robert Merton to identify a number of roles attached to a single status

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Role conflict

Back 9

Conflict among roles connected to two or more statuses

Front 10

Role strain

Back 10

Tension among the roles connected to a single status

Front 11

Social construct of reality

Back 11

Process by which people creatively shape reality through social interaction

Front 12

Thomas Theorem

Back 12

W.I Thomas's claim that situations defined as real are real in their consequences.

Front 13

Ethnomethodology

Back 13

Harold Garfinkel's term for the study of the way people make sense of their surroundings

Front 14

Dramaturgical analysis

Back 14

Erving Goffman's term for the study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance. A status operates as a part in a play, and a role as a script.

Front 15

Presentation of self

Back 15

Goffman's term for a persons efforts to create specific impressions in the minds of others

Front 16

Performances

Back 16

The way we present ourselves to others. This can be conscious (intentional) or unconscious ( using body language ). Performances include what we choose to wear( costume), objects we carry(props), and demeanor( tone of voice, how we carry ourselves).

Front 17

Social Group

Back 17

two of more people who identify and interact with one another

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Primary Group

Back 18

a small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationships (family, close friends)

Front 19

Secondary Group

Back 19

a large and impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity (college class, corporation)

Front 20

Instrumental Leadership

Back 20

group leadership that focuses on the completion of tasks

Front 21

Expressive Leadership

Back 21

group leadership that focuses on the group's well–being

Front 22

Groupthink

Back 22

the tendency of group members to conform, resulting in a narrow view of some issue

Front 23

Reference Group

Back 23

a social group that serves as a point of reference in making evaluations and decisions

Front 24

In–group

Back 24

a social group toward which a member feels respect and loyalty

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Out–group

Back 25

a social group toward which a person feels a sense of competition of opposition

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Dyad

Back 26

a social group with two members

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Triad

Back 27

a social group with three members

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Network

Back 28

a web of weak social ties

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Formal Organization

Back 29

a large secondary group organized to achieve its goals efficiently

Front 30

Tradition

Back 30

values and beliefs passed from generation to generation

Front 31

Rationality

Back 31

a way of thinking that emphasizes deliberate, matter–of–fact calculation of the most efficient way to accomplish a particular task

Front 32

Rationalization of Society

Back 32

Weber's term for the historical change from tradition to rationality as the main mode of human thought

Front 33

Utilitarian Organizations

Back 33

pay people for their efforts (business, government)

Front 34

Normative Organizations

Back 34

have goals people consider worthwhile (voluntary associations)

Front 35

Coercive Organizations

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organizations people are forced to join (prisons, mental hospitals)

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Bureaucracy

Back 36

an organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently

Front 37

Organizational Environment

Back 37

factors outside an organization that affect its operation

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Bureaucratic Ritualism

Back 38

a focus on rules and regulations to the point of interfering with an organization's goals

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Bureaucratic Inertia

Back 39

the tendency of bureaucratic organizations to perpetuate themselves

Front 40

Oligarchy

Back 40

the rule of the many by the few

Front 41

Scientific Management

Back 41

Frederick Taylor's term for the application of scientific principles to the operation of a business or other large organization

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The biological distinction between females and males

Back 42

sex

Front 43

the genitals, organs used for reproduction

Back 43

primary sex characteristics

Front 44

bodily development, apart from the genitals, that distinguishes biologically mature females and males

Back 44

secondary sex characteristics

Front 45

people whose bodies (including genitals) have both female and male characteristics

Back 45

intersexual people

Front 46

people who feel they are one sex even though biologically they are the other

Back 46

transsexuals

Front 47

a norm forbidding sexual relations or marriage between relatives

Back 47

incest taboo

Front 48

a person's romantic and emotion attraction to another person

Back 48

sexual orientation

Front 49

sexual attraction to someone of the other sex

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heterosexuality

Front 50

sexual attraction to someone of the same sex

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homosexualality

Front 51

sexual attraction to people of both sexes

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bisexuality

Front 52

a lack of sexual attraction to people of either sex

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asexuality

Front 53

discomfort over close personal interaction with people though to be gay, lesbian, or bisexual

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homophobia

Front 54

appearing or behaving in ways that challenge conventional cultural norms concerning how females and males should look and act

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transgender

Front 55

sexually explicit material intended to cause sexual arousal

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pornography

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the selling of sexual services

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prostitution

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the deliberate termination of pregnancy

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abortion

Front 58

a body of research findings that challenge the heterosexual bias in U.S. society

Back 58

queer theory

Front 59

a view that labels anyone who is not heterosexual as "queer"

Back 59

heterosexism