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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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muscle movement uses what specialized cells for contraction? |
muscle fibers |
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muscle movement depends on interaction of which two proteins? |
actin and myosin |
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three types of vertebrate muscle tissue |
skeletal, cardiac, smooth |
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T/F: muscles can only actively shorten |
true |
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muscle fiber consists of |
myofibril and filaments |
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what is the thick portion of filaments |
myosin |
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what is the thin portion of filaments |
actin |
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type of filament and actin or myosin for 1 |
thick, myosin
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type of filament and actin or myosin for 2 |
thin filament, actin |
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3 |
I band |
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4 |
A band |
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1 actin or myosin |
actin |
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2 actin or myosin |
myosin |
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3 |
Z line |
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what forms the cross bridges |
myosin heads |
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what are the cross bridges used for in muscle contraction |
bind active sites on actin filaments |
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what is required to contract muscle |
ATP |
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what is the neuromuscular junction |
place where motor axon terminates on muscle fiber |
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How does nerve stimulate muscle to contract? |
1. nerve impulse travels to neuromuscular junction, 2.neurotransmitter is released and binds to receptors, 3. excitation of muscle membrane |
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how does muscle excitation cause contraction? |
1. excitation of muscle cell membrane travels into cell along t-tubule 2. calcium released from sarcoplasmic reticulum 3. calcium binds to troponin which causes tropomyosin to uncover active sites |
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awhich type of respiration requires oxygen |
aerobic |
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in what form is extra energy stored in muscles |
glycogen and creatine phosphate |
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where is elastic energy stored |
tendons and cuticle |
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to who does homeostasis go back to? |
Walter B. Cannon |
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isosmotic means |
animal has same concentration as surroundings |
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hypoosmotic means |
animals has lower concentration than surroundings |
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herposmotic |
animal has higher concentration than surroundings |
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what is the process of diffusion |
concentration going from high to low |
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what is osmosis |
diffusion of water |
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what is an isotonic solution |
same concentration as cytoplasm |
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what is a hypertonic solution and what happens (bursting/shrivelling) |
more concentrated than cytoplasm; shrivelling |
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what is a hypootonic solution and what happens (bursting/shrivelling) |
less concentrated than cytoplasm; bursting |
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what are osmoconformers |
animals thatmaintain an internal environment that is isosmotic to their external environment |
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what is being stenohaline |
restricted to living in narrow salinity range |
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what is being an osmoregulator |
able to regulate or keep the solutes or salts o body fluid at a higher or lower concentration than the concentration of solutes in surroundings
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is a shore crab an osmoregulator or osmoconformer |
osmoregulator |
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marine fishes are (hypo/hyper)-osmotic regulators |
hypo |
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osmoregulators excrete _______ and absorb salts through ______ __________ |
water; active transport |
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freshwater animals are (hyper/hypo)-osmotic regulators |
hyper |
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what do freshwater fishes have to do constantly to hyperregulate? |
pee constantly |
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what do marine fishes have to do to hyporegulate? |
drink constantly |
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marine sharks and ray maintain _____ to (raise/lower) osmolarity which makes them isosmotic |
urea; raise |
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how do terrestrial animals lose water |
evaporation, excretion of wastes |
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how do terrestrial animals conserve water |
concentrated urine, behavioral strategies |
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what are the three possible forms of nitrogeneous waste |
smmonia, urea, uric acid |
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what animals excrete ammonia |
fishes |
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what animals excrete urea |
mammals |
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what animals excrete uric acid, amphibians |
insects, land snails, birds |
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what is the invertebrate excretory system |
nephridia |
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excretory system for arthropods |
antennal |
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excretory system for vertebrates |
kidney |
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what is it called when fluid is filtered from blood into bowman's capsule |
glomerular filtration |
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are cells and proteins included in glomerular filtration |
no |
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what is absorbed during tubular reabsorption? |
amino acids, glucose, ions, water |
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what is absorbed in tubular secretion |
ions |
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what is the main idea of diabetes |
not enough insulin, so glucose builds up in blood and body cells can't take it in and glucose appears in urine |
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where in the kidney is there a high concentration of salts and urea |
medulla |
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what controls the permability of collecting duct |
ADH |
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what does mammalian urine concentration depend on |
osmolarity of renal medulla |
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an animal that lives in the desert has a (long/short) loop of Henle and produces (high/low) concentrated urine |
long; high |
