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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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earthquake |
shaking of the ground due to release of energy |
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focus |
point inside the earthquake where the energy is release |
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epicenter |
location where you get the most damage point of surface (above the focus) |
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focal depth |
shallow - 0-70km Intermediate - 70-300km Deep - 300-700km
into the Earth only into the crust |
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seismic waves |
BODY Primary (P) waves - Parallel Secondary (S) waves Perpendicular
P & S waves arrive 1st |
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surface |
Love - side to side motion of Earths surface Rayleigh - roll like an ocean
Love & Rayleigh come later |
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Triangulation |
can locate the epicenter |
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Magnitude |
Ritcher scale quantitive logarithmic scale each whole # increase equals 31.5 x the energy |
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Intensity |
Modified Mercalli Index |
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Hazards |
falling objects tsunami downed powerlines floods fires landslide subsidence |
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Mass Wasting |
down slope movement of material under the influence of gravity |
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shearing strength |
1. materials strength & cohesion -higher shearing strength won't move (ie Rock) 2. Internal friction 3. External support |
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factors that cause or aid mass wasting |
water - reduce friction
vegetation
slope angle
weathering
overloading
Geology of the area (shale *mud vs limestone *granite)
triggering events (earthquake) |
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types of mass wasting |
1. Rate of movement -fast: you can see the pieces moving -slow: you can't see - most damaging
2.material -Rock -Soil -Debris
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Mass wasting type of movement |
*falls *slides *flows - rivers of mud *complex motion- 2 or more types at the same time |
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mass wasting subtypes of movement - Falls |
motion falling rock falls fast talus - broken up rock fragments built up at the base of the cliff |
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mass wasting subtypes of movement - Slides |
slump or rotational slide soil fast to slow scarp - hillside made of dirt |
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mass wasting subtypes of movement - Rock Slide |
fast limestone & shale |
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mass wasting subtypes of movement - Flows |
*mudflow - more than 50% mud 30% water FAST
*debris flow - Fast but slower than mudflow
*earth flow - slow to fast thick viscous dirt
*solifluction- permafrost (permanently frozen ground)
*creep- slow enough people don't recognize it J hooked trees
*complex movement - a merge of different types of flows |
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reduce mass wasting effects |
-drainage - pipes in hillside -vegetation -reduce slope -retaining wall -fencing wall - hold rocks in place -rock bolts - will use big bolt to make it stay |
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fossils |
tangible remains or signs of once living organisms that died & were buried in sediment or rock |
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2 general types of fossil |
body - piece of the creator trace - evidence they were there |
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fossil record |
age dating
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fossil record environment |
what the area was like when they were around |
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fossilization 3 broad stages |
*death
*pre-burial : decay, scavengers, transported, disarticulation (separate)
*post-burial: preservation |
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7 Preservation Body Fossils |
1. original material "as is" 2. invertebrate fossils- recrystallization 3. Impregnation aka petrification - fill open spaces (wood & bone) 4. encrustation - enclosed in amber (insects) 5. carbonization - brown/black/grey impression of creature on film 6. solution- external, internal and cast - replica of right shape but wrong material 7. rapid burial |
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Linaean Classification |
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
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6 Kingdoms |
*Animalia Archaeobacteria *Plantae Fungi Eubacteria Protista |
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Producers |
plant or plant like animal they can product their own food |
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consumers |
1. herbivore - herbs 2. carnivore - meat 3. omnivore - both |
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Streams & Surface : water on earth |
Oceans Glaciers & Ice Groundwater lakes & seas atmosphere streams & rivers |
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Streams & Surface : runoff |
hits the surface & goes down |
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Streams & Surface : infiltration |
water enters soil |
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Streams & Surface : Gradient |
slope |
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Streams & Surface : base level |
ideal slope to reach the ocean |
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Streams & Surface : channel types |
meandering - wondering side to side everywhere
braided- immature rivers that are clogged with sediments ( sandbars) |
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Streams & Surface: MAP in notes |
meander - one bend in a stream/river meandereing - more than one bend in stream/river
outbank- cutting into the stream
point bar - looks like a finger- located by the bend on the oppsite side of the outbank
terrace - abandoned fragments of old flood plains |
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Springs |
ground water that is forced out (cold water) |
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delta |
formed by stream/river that ends towards the ocean and builds up sediments from silt & clay |
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Drainage Patterns |
dendritic - branching like a root/tree
rectangular - 90 degree angles coming together
trellis - tilted rock layers in place
radial - water coming down hills (hill with arrows pointing out)
deranged - makes no sense rivers/streams are every which way (has swamps & ponds)
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Allluvium |
youngest rock layer |
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Streams & Surface types of embankments |
levees dams floodway- channels floodwalls- man made levees |
