Lecture Test 3

Front 1

What type of mutation is the substitution of one nuceotide for another?

Back 1

Point mutation

Front 2

What type of mutation is the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide in DNA?

Back 2

Frameshift mutation

Front 3

Name three possible results of a mutation.

Back 3

Missense, silent and nonsense mutation.

Front 4

What is missense mutation?

Back 4

It is a mutation that results in the substitution of an amino acid.

Front 5

What is silent mutation?

Back 5

A mutation were the same amino acid stays in place.

Front 6

What is nonsense mutation?

Back 6

A mutation where translation is stopped.

Front 7

What are the possible causes of mutation?

Back 7

Spontaneous mutation, chemical mutagens, radiation.

Front 8

In 1928, an experiment was performed with an encapsulated, gram positive bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae that was injected in a mouse. What was this experiment called?

Back 8

Frederick Griffith Experiment

Front 9

What was the conclusion of the Frederick Griffith Experiment?

Back 9

The non-encapsulated mouse obtained the genes for a capsule from the boiled strain.

Front 10

What is a virus that infectsonly bacteria called?

Back 10

Bacteriophage

Front 11

Transduction is how bacterial DNA is transfered from a donor cell to a recepient via what?

Back 11

Bacteriophage

Front 12

What is conjugation?

Back 12

Transfer of genetic material (plasmid) from one cell to another via direct cell to cell contact.

Front 13

A circular strand of extrachromosomal DNA that replicates independent of the chromosome, and contains the gene for the sex pilus.

Back 13

Plasmid

Front 14

Genes associated with resistance to certain substances, ex. penicillin, chlorine.

Back 14

R factors

Front 15

What is a sex pilus?

Back 15

An attachment structure, sometimes used to transfer plasmids.

Front 16

F is a fertility factor. What are F+ and F-?

Back 16

F+ is a donor cell and F- is a recipient cell.

Front 17

What is a transposon?

Back 17

"Jumping genes" that can insert itself inside an active gene, inactivating it.

Front 18

___ is the use of living organisms to create a product or facilitate a process.

Back 18

Biotechnology

Front 19

What is genetic engineering?

Back 19

It is an artificial manipulation of genes.

Front 20

Proteins (enzymes) made by certain bacteria that can "cut" DNA into pieces; these protect bacteria from viruses.

Back 20

Restriction enzymes

Front 21

A sequence of nucleotides (palindromic sequence) that are "recognized" by a particular restriction enzyme. These mark the locatin of where to cut the DNA strand.

Back 21

Recognition sequence

Front 22

What are sticky ends?

Back 22

DNA sequence that is unpaired looking to pair up.

Front 23

How genes are moved around; many carry genes for antibiotic resistance and replicate independently of the chromosome.

Back 23

Plasmid

Front 24

A cell incorporates the genetic material from outside the plasma membrane.

Back 24

Transformation

Front 25

What is recombinant DNA?

Back 25

Two or more sequences of DNA that have been combined into a sequence of DNA that did not previously exist.

Front 26

What is a cloning vector?

Back 26

A self replicating agent that will transfer and replicate genetic material. Ex. plasmid, bacteriophage

Front 27

____ is an exact genetic copy.

Back 27

Clone

Front 28

Electrophoresis is seperating fragments of DNA, RNA or proteins based on their length and charge.

Back 28

After cutting the DNA (using restriction enzyme) place the fragments in a electrophoresis chamber.

Front 29

The larger fragments travel the ____ distance.

Back 29

shortest

Front 30

DNA fingerprinting is using Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLP) produced from seperating "cut" fragments via electrophoresis.

Back 30

DNA Fingerprinting is a method used to identify unknown organisms & seeks to identify unique sequences of DNA.

Front 31

Explain polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Back 31

Increasing the number of copies of DNA; requires nucleotides, RNA primer, thermocycler, trace sample of DNA, a thermostable DNA polymerase

Front 32

What is a thermocycler?

Back 32

It is a heat source that can easily change temperature.

Front 33

___ is a tumor inducing plasmid which occurs naturally in Agrobacterium tumefaciens; createsa crown gall when introduced into a plant.

Back 33

Ti Plasmid

Front 34

Bacillus thuringiensis is a bacterium that has a gene for insecticidal toxin (Bt).

Back 34

This interfers with the digestive tract of some insects.

Front 35

What is glycophosphate?

Back 35

A herbicide. Salmonella contains a gene that supplies resistance to this.

Front 36

Describe the steps for gene cloning for human growth hormone.

Back 36

1. Treat plasmids with restriction enzyme; now have sticky ends.
2. Isolate the chromosome with the hGH gene. Treat with sticky ends. Isolate the hGH gene sequence.
3. Combine plasmid with the DNA containing hGH. Results in a cloning vector.
4. Using transformation, transform a competent cell using your cloning vector. Results in bacteria with the cloning vector.
5. Place bacteria in growth media and allow to undergo binary fission. All bacteria will contain the cloning vector which contains the gene for hGH.
6. Harvest hGH.

Front 37

Systematics is the study of ______?

Back 37

diversity among organisms based on their evolutionary history.

Front 38

Taxonomy is the branch of biology that is concerned with classifying and naming organisms. This is a branch of ___.

Back 38

systematics.

Front 39

____ are categories used for classification and identification.

Back 39

Taxa

Front 40

What are the three domains?

Back 40

Bacteria, Archea, Eukarya

Front 41

Bacteria cell walls have this but archae does not.

Back 41

Peptidoglycan

Front 42

Morphology is structural characteristics. Name ways to identify bacteria (4).

Back 42

Differential staining, biochemical tests, serology, testing DNA or RNA sequences.

Front 43

Domain bacteria contains three taxonomic groups:

Back 43

Proteobacteria, nonproteobacteria & gram positive bacteria.

Front 44

Proteobacteria: gram negative, chemoheterotrophs

Back 44

Nonproteobacteria: gram negative mostly photoautotrophs, used to be called Blue-Green Algae

Front 45

Mycology is the study of ____.

Back 45

Fungi

Front 46

What makes fungi unique?

Back 46

Contain chitin in their cell walls.

Front 47

Many fungi are saprophyte, which means they are organisms that _____.

Back 47

feed off of dead/decaying matter.

Front 48

____ are multicellular filaments (septate & nonseptate).

Back 48

Hyphae

Front 49

____ is a group of hyphae.

Back 49

Mycelium

Front 50

____ hyphae is a filament that extends outward from the mycelium.

Back 50

Aerial

Front 51

What is a fruiting body?

Back 51

A spore producing structure.

Front 52

Mycorrhizae is a symbiotic fungi which help plant roots absorb minerals & water.

Back 52

Most fungi produce spores; yeast reproduces via budding; grow best in acidic environments.

Front 53

Sabouraud Dextrose Agar is a media that is selective for fungi; it has a ___ pH and ___ sugar content.

Back 53

low; high

Front 54

Dimorphic means ___.

Back 54

their shape depends on environmental or nutritional factors.

Front 55

Define superinfection.

Back 55

The growth of an organism (pathogen)that is resistant to an antimicrobial agent; the growth f an opportunist like Candida.

Front 56

Systemic mycoses often affect what part of the body?

Back 56

Lungs

Front 57

Lichens are a combination of a fungus and algae.

Back 57

Mycoses - fungal disease

Front 58

Algae, protozoa and molds belong to which kingdom?

Back 58

Protista

Front 59

Trophozoite = vegetative form of protozoa

Back 59

Cyst - resistant, survival stage

Front 60

Name any protozoan diseases or organisms.

Back 60

- entamoeba histolytica (amebic dysentery/amoebiasis)
- plasmodium (malaria)
- trichomonas vaginalis (trichomoniasis)

Front 61

Cysticerci is a stage found in animal muscles; associated with what kind of helminth? (worm)

Back 61

Tapeworm

Front 62

Name two helminths (parasitic worms).

Back 62

Tapeworm and pinworm.

Front 63

___ is the type of cells a certain virus can infect.

Back 63

Host range

Front 64

Viruses are obligatory intracellular parasites, absolutely require a _____.

Back 64

living host

Front 65

What is a negri body?

Back 65

It is the diagnostic particle for rabies.

Front 66

Living cells (prokaryotic & eukaryotic) contain both types of nucleic acids. Viruses can contain either ____ or ____ stranded.

Back 66

single; double

Front 67

What is a capsid?

Back 67

It is the protein structure that surrounds the nucleic acid. All viruses have this.

Front 68

Capsomeres are the subunits that come together to form a ____.

Back 68

Capsid

Front 69

What is an envelope?

Back 69

A lipid laye that surrounds the capsid. Not all viruses have this.

Front 70

What is the protein/carbohydrate sequence that a virus uses for attachment?

Back 70

Recognition factors

Front 71

Spikes are structures that protrude from the surface of _____ viruses.

Back 71

encapsulated

Front 72

What is a virion?

Back 72

It is the complete, fully developed virus. The infected particle. An envelope virus without envelope cannot be infectant.

Front 73

An area of dead cell, originally one virus (CFU) infects a cell in the area where this develops.

Back 73

Plaque

Front 74

Multiplication of viruses in animal cells: name the 7 steps.

Back 74

1. Attachment
2. Penetration - enters cell via endocytosis
3. Uncoating - removal of capsid
4. Biosynthesis of nucleic acid
5. Biosynthesis of viral proteins
6. Maturation
7. Results of viral infection

Front 75

A virus that has ssRNA will either contain a sense or an antisense strand. What is sense and antisense?

Back 75

Sense (+): a strand of RNA that can act as mRNA
Antisense (-): strand of RNA that serves as a template for a sense strand.

Front 76

Results of viral infection: cell lysis, budding, latent infection. What does each mean?

Back 76

Cell lysis - enzymes are produced which rupture the cell membrane, releasing viruses into the environment

Budding - virus acquires an envelope by being surrounded by a portion of the hose cells membrane, the virus is released

Latent infection - nucleic acid remains dormant in the host cell for prolonged period of time

Front 77

What is an oncogenic virus? Give example.

Back 77

A virus that is associated with cancer.

Ex, cervical cancer (HPV), liver cancer from HBV

Front 78

What is a dane particle?

Back 78

A diagnostic particle (virion) identified in the blood.

Front 79

A prion is not a virus and often associated with what kind of disorders? Name an example.

Back 79

Nervous system

Ex, bovine spongiform encephalitis (mad cow)

Front 80

Pieces of uncoated DNA that can only infect plants.

Back 80

Viroids.

Front 81

The study of the immune response of an individual by studying the blood serum.

Back 81

Serology

Front 82

Influenza virus contains eight pieces of interconnected _____.

Back 82

RNA

Front 83

No means of movement, so the plasticity relies on other ways.

Back 83

Apicomplexan

Front 84

Dermatophytes are _____ mycoses.

Back 84

Cutaneous. Affect the skin.

Front 85

Rabies affect what kind of tissue?

Back 85

Nervous tissue