Quiz 1

Front 1

megalith

Back 1

(from the Greek mega, "large, great" and lithos, "stone"): a very large stone comprising part or whole of a structure or monument

Front 2

dolmen

Back 2

(from the Celtic for "stone table"): three or four freestanding vertical slabs supporting a horizontal slab; often a remnant of a larger megalithic burial chamber

Front 3

gallery grave

Back 3

a slab-lined passage used for collective burials; often built in a trench

Front 4

tumulus

Back 4

(from the Latin tumulere, “to swell”) or cairn: an artificial earthen mound covering a grave site passage grave:

Front 5

passage grave

Back 5

a burial chamber with a passage providing access from the outside of the tumulus to the place of burial

Front 6

corbelling

Back 6

cantilevered masonry courses (i.e., each successive course of stone projects forward of the one below)

Front 7

menhir

Back 7

(from the Celtic minhir, "long stone"): a single standing stone

Front 8

alignment

Back 8

a linear arrangement of menhirs in one or more rows

Front 9

henge

Back 9

circular structure consisting of a ditch beside an earth embankment and often a series of megaliths; strictly speaking, the term refers to the lintels or "hanging stones" unique to Stonehenge

Front 10

trilithons

Back 10

composition of three megaliths: two uprights and a lintel

Front 11

mortise and tenon joint

Back 11

in simplest terms, a ball and socket connection between different architectural members

Front 12

tongue and groove joint

Back 12

similar to the mortise and tenon joint but more planar in form

Front 13

post and lintel construction

Back 13

= trabeation (adj. trabeated) (from the Latin trabs, "beam"):structural system comprised of a horizontal beam or lintel over upright supports or posts

Front 14

Paleolithic

Back 14

the Old or Early Stone Age (ended ca. 7000 BCE, "before the Common Era")

Front 15

Neolithic

Back 15

the New or Late Stone Age (4000-1500 BCE) in Atlantic Europe

Front 16

environmental behavior

Back 16

The ways in which our behavior condition the way we live, worship, earn our sustenance, etc

Front 17

human agency

Back 17

how do we observe things in the land and both acknowledge and respond to them.

Front 18

Ritual

Back 18

Paleolithic Lascaux caves were used not for day to day living but rather for ____ purposes

Front 19

man made

Back 19

No ___ works were made in Paleolithic period. (or non-durable works were made)

Front 20

zoning

Back 20

Lascaux cave has ____, as a response to the natural shape of the cave walls, placing images in certain locations

Front 21

Appropriation and adaptation

Back 21

Paleolithic men used ___ to paint according to the forms of the cave.

Front 22

fertility

Back 22

__- was important because it was not secured during the Paleolithic period, and thus was fostered through artworks. (ex. such paintings were at the center of the cave - protected)

Front 23

400,000

Back 23

Paleolithic and ephemeral Wooden huts found at Terra Amata, France were built ______ BCE

Front 24

tombs

Back 24

Neolithic Cemetery at Sicily features rock-cut __ which were covered later.

Front 25

nomadic

Back 25

As ___ cultures ended in the Neolithic period, means to honor the dead in perpetuity by provisioning a durable site were common

Front 26

posts

Back 26

Dolmens (neolothic) were made by ___ that support the lintel (capstone) of the structure. (trabeated structure)

Front 27

cairn

Back 27

__were covered over dolmen to protect and stabilize megalithic tombs like dolmens. (structural-protective functions)

Front 28

Gallery grave

Back 28

In (Neolithic) _____ dolmens were extended along in Axis, making a long space inside.

Front 29

corbelling

Back 29

each successive stone projects the one below, and gradually they form a vault like structure. (Found in passage graves)

Front 30

decorations

Back 30

Passage Grave at Newgrange, Ireland features _____ to indicate the location of a chamber.

Front 31

Winter Solstice

Back 31

The path of the sun at passage grave at Newgrange was calculated for sunlight to only shine through the burial chamber only at ___. (Axis as Path)

Front 32

experience

Back 32

Newgrange Passage Grave was shone though Winter Solstice sunlight to possibly express a sense of hope. After the shortest day of the year, days would be longer - ___ inspired the monument.

Front 33

standing stones

Back 33

____ (menhirs) were more numerous than the tombs during the prehistoric period

Front 34

heights

Back 34

Stones of Menec Alignment were aligned in growing ___ of the stones

Front 35

sky

Back 35

Ubiquitous circular surrounding created by a stonehenge brings the vista of the ___to the viewers.

Front 36

Stonehenge I

Back 36

Ditch and earthen embankment plus timber circle. Heel stone was placed so that the sun would appear moving along the stone.

Front 37

Stonehenge II

Back 37

erection of bluestones broght from Wales

Front 38

Stonehenge III

Back 38

Bluestones taken away and brought in sarsen (sandstone) slabs to from circle, crowned by lintels, surrounding a horseshoe composed of five trilithons. Only henge to have full posts and lintels - henge. Sun is framed by two posts at the summer solstice. Uniform height of sarsens. Smoothed surfaces for acoustic purposes. Mortise and tenon joints.

Front 39

Stonehenge IV

Back 39

Return of bluestones. Circle of small bluestones and sarsen circle outside. Sarsen horseshoe inside.

Front 40

nature

Back 40

Stonehenge inhabited the ___

Front 41

Lower Egypt

Back 41

area stretching from the Delta south to Memphis

Front 42

Upper Egypt

Back 42

area stretching from Memphis south to Aswan

Front 43

Axis as Path

Back 43

When arranging stoneworks, Neolithic men used ____ to possibly emulate the path of the Sun's movement/emanations.

Front 44

ka

Back 44

immortal human substance or life-force, the eternal spirit which sustains life

Front 45

ba

Back 45

physical manifestation of life, the body

Front 46

mastaba

Back 46

(from the Arabic for "bench"): small, block-like tombs, simple royal tombs. Egyptians had a concern to protect the body.

Front 47

batter

Back 47

inward slope of a wall as it rises, resulting in diminished thickness

Front 48

serdab

Back 48

mortuary chamber containing a statue of the deceased

Front 49

engaged column

Back 49

column attached to a wall and appearing to be partly embedded in it

Front 50

clerestory

Back 50

a series of windows pierced in the upper stage of a wall

Front 51

ashlar

Back 51

smoothly squared (“dressed”) stone laid with mortar in horizontal masonry courses

Front 52

module

Back 52

unit of measurement used in multiples to determine the proportions of a building or part of a building

Front 53

necropolis

Back 53

(from the Greek for "city of the dead")

Front 54

pier

Back 54

massive vertical support often square or rectangular in plan (thus differing from a column)

Front 55

Egyptian deities

Back 55

sun-god Ra (later Amon or Amon-Ra), worshipped at Heliopolis

Front 56

black land

Back 56

Near the Nile, every land besides ____ was inhabitable deserts.

Front 57

pharos

Back 57

absolute monarchs of Egypt

Front 58

beginning

Back 58

tombs were made at the very ___ of the king's reign.

Front 59

north

Back 59

Typically pyramids faced ____

Front 60

highlands

Back 60

Upper egypt is 'upper' because of its location on the _____, not that it is above lower egypt

Front 61

land

Back 61

actual features of topography, climate...etc

Front 62

landscape

Back 62

perception of the land (ex. architecture responds to land and creates a landscape)

Front 63

Pyramid Complex of Pharaoh Djoser (Zoser)

Back 63

heads were turned toward to the east to acknowledge the Sun. We see the columns inside.

Front 64

clearstory

Back 64

Light was brought in to the center of an enclosed space through ____ row of hidden windows on the walls

Front 65

reeds

Back 65

Columns were carved like bundles of _____ to translate organic features.

Front 66

providences

Back 66

the space was representative of ____ of Egyptian map. Architectural mapping was marked. Ex) some part represent upper egypt and some represent lower egypt

Front 67

columns

Back 67

___ were spaced narrowly for structural purpose

Front 68

Lotus column

Back 68

associated with the color white and with Upper Egypt

Front 69

Papyrus column

Back 69

associated with the color red and with Lower Egypt

Front 70

Imhotep

Back 70

“first after the king of Upper and Lower Egypt”

Front 71

Red Pyramid

Back 71

Lowered the slope of the pyramid to prevent any collapse.

Front 72

Bent Pyramid

Back 72

Pyramid that is sloping in

Front 73

northest

Back 73

The largest pyramid of Giza is the one in the ____ of the three

Front 74

necropolis

Back 74

Pyramids in giza along with smaller pyramids of Pharaoh's families and buried artifacts form the city of the dead: _____

Front 75

Subterranean Chamber

Back 75

___ in the bottom of the Khufu Pyramid is abandoned.

Front 76

King's chamber

Back 76

Grand Gallery connects to the third chamber:

Front 77

missing

Back 77

The body of Pharoh is Khufu Pyramid is ____

Front 78

corbelling

Back 78

The grand gallery was formed with rocks thorugh____

Front 79

ashlar

Back 79

Precision cut stone, ___ (dressed stone) aided in joining and fitting between big stones.

Front 80

mortuary

Back 80

Valley temple moved the body and the ___ received the body

Front 81

valley temple

Back 81

Inidvisual organs of the Pharoh was diefied at the ____

Front 82

piers

Back 82

abstract columns, ____, supported the valley and mortuary temples

Front 83

capstone

Back 83

____ of the pyramid was covered in gold to reflect the sunlight.