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225 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the study of the structure of the human body?
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anatomy
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What is the careful cutting apart of the body structures to study their relationship?
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dissection
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What is the study of body function?
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physiology
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BLANK is the study of the microscopic structures of tissues.
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histology
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What are the tree major branches of anatomy?
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gross, microscopic, surface
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In this branch of anatomy, structures can be examined without using a microscope such as bones, lungs and muscles.
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gross
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What area of science explores the microscopic structures of tissues?
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histology
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What branch of anatomy do clinicians use to locate blood vessels for placing catheters, feeling pulses and drawing blood?
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surface
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Which branch of anatomy traces the structural changes that occur in the body through the life span and the effects of aging?
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developmental
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Which branch of anatomy studies how the body structures form before birth?
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embryology
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Which branch of anatomy focuses on structural changes in cell tissues and organs caused by disease?
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pathological
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Which branch of anatomy is concerned with body structures that can be visualized with x-rays?
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radiographic
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Which branch of anatomy explores the functional properties of body structure and assesses the efficiency of their design?
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functional morphology
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What is the hierarchy of structural organization?
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chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system level, organ system
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What is the smallest unit of an element?
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atom
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What is the smallest particle of a substance that is composed of two or more atoms held together by chemical forces?
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molecule
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What are the four macromolecules?
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carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
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What are the two primary systems of learning anatomy?
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systemic, regional
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What anatomy system focuses on the structure of specific systems of the body?
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systemic
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What anatomy system focuses on specific regions of the body such as the head or chest?
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regional
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Which body system forms external body covering, protects deeper tissues from injury, synthesizes vitamin D and is the site of cutaneous receptors?
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integumentary
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Which body system protects and supports body organs, provides a framework for muscles, forms blood cells and stores minerals?
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skeletal
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Which body system is a fast-acting control system and responds to internal and external changes?
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nervous
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Which body system allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, facial expression, maintains posture and produces heat?
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muscular
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Which body system secretes hormones that regulate growth, reproduction and nutrient use?
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endocrine
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Which body system transports blood through blood vessels, carries oxygen and carbon dioxide, and carries nutrients and waste?
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cardiovascular
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Which body system picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels, disposes of debris in the lymphatic system, houses white blood cells and mounts attacks against foreign substances in the body?
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lymphatic
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Which body system keeps blood supplied with oxygen, removes carbon dioxide and facilitates gas exchange which occurs through the walls of air sacs in the lungs?
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respiratory
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Which body system breaks down food into absorbable units and eliminates indigestible foodstuffs?
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digestive
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Which body system eliminates nitrogen wastes and regulates water, electrolyte and acid-based balance.
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urinary
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Which systems are responsible for overall function in producing offspring, produces sperm and male sex hormones, produces eggs and female sex hormones and produces milk?
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male and female reproductive system
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What is the study of anatomy at the macroscopic level?
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gross anatomy
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What is the name of the standardized position from which to describe directional terms?
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anatomical
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What characterizes the anatomical position?
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standing upright, facing the observer, eyes facing forward, feet flat on the floor, arms at the sides, palms turned forward
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What is another term for lying face down?
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prone
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What is another term for lying face up?
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supine
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What is the name of the group to which humans, cats, dogs, birds, lizards, frogs and fish belong?
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vertebrates
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Which feature of the human body plan is characterized by the inner tube extending from the mouth to the anus and includes the respiratory and digestive organs?
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tube-within-a-tube
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True or false, humans are essentially bilaterally symmetrical?
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true
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What do all vertebrate embryos have running along their back in the medial plane that develops into the brain and spinal cord?
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dorsal hollow nerve cord
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What is the stiffening rod in the back deep to the spinal cord?
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notochord
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What do humans develop in the throat region of the digestive and respiratory tube?
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pharynx
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What are the two main body cavities?
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dorsal and ventral
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What are the two dorsal cavities?
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cranial and vertebral
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What are the three ventral cavities?
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thoracic, abdominal and pelvic
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How many parts is the thoracic cavity divided into?
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three
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What is a misrepresentation of tissue structures seen in medical images?
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artifacts
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What modality uses x-ray cinema film to record organ movements?
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cineradiography
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What modality takes successive x-rays around a person’s full circumference?
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computed tomography
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What imaging modality provides an unobstructed view of small arteries?
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digital subtraction angiography
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This imaging modality forms images by detecting radioactive isotopes injected into the body?
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positron emission tomography
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In this imaging modality, the body is probed with pulses of high-frequency sound waves that echo off the body’s tissues.
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sonography
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Which imaging modality distinguishes body tissues based on relative water content?
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magnetic resonance imaging
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What is the smallest living unit in your bodies?
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cell
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What are biological catalysts that speed up the rate of reaction between substances without themselves being consumed in the reaction?
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enzymes
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What are the two types of metabolism?
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anabolism and catabolism
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The formation of complex substances from simpler forms
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anabolism
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What is the breakdown of complex molecules to simple ones?
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catabolism
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What are the three main components of a human cell?
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plasma membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus
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What type of membrane protein is firmly imbedded in to the lipid bilayer?
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integral
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What type of membrane proteins attach to membrane surface?
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peripheral
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What is the name of the process by which molecules move from a region where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated?
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diffusion
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What is the diffusion of water across a membrane?
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osmosis
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What is the mechanism by which large particles enter cells?
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endosytosis
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What is the word for ‘cell eating’?
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phagocytosis
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What is the word for ‘cell drinking’?
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pinocytosis
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What is the name of the protein that causes bending of the cell membrane in order for a molecule to be captured by endocytosis?
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clathrin
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What is the process in which plasma proteins bind to certain molecules?
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receptor-mediated endocytosis
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What is the mechanism that moves substances out of the cell?
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exocytosis
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What is the name of the spherical structure in the cytoplasm?
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centrosome
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What is the name of the paired cylindrical bodies that consist of 27 short microtubules that act in forming cilla and are necessary for karyokinesis?
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centrioles
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What is the name of the cells that make and secrete protein component of fibers?
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fibroblast
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What is the name of the cell whose concave shape provides surface area for uptake of the respiratory gasses?
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erythrocyte
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What is the name of the hexagonally shaped cells that allow the maximum number of epithelial cells to pack together?
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epithelial
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What is the name of the cell that fights diseases by moving through tissue to reach infection sites?
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macrophage
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What is the name of the cell that has long processes for receiving and transmitting messages?
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neuron
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What is the name of the largest cell in the body?
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oocyte
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This cell possesses a long tail for swimming to the egg for fertilization.
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sperm
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What is the name of the first part of interphase?
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Gap 1
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In this phase, DNA replicates itself and ensures that daughter cells receive identical copies of the genetic material.
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S phase
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What is the name of the cell phase where centrioles finish copying themselves and enzymes need for cell division are synthesized?
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Gap 2
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What is the division of the nucleus during cell division?
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mitosis
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What is the name of the division of the cytoplasm which occurs after the cell divides?
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cytokinesis
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What are the two theories thought to be attributed to the aging process?
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free radical, mitochondrial and genetic theory
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What is the name of the “end caps” on chromosomes?
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telomeres
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What is prevents telomeres from degrading?
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telomerase
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What is the name of the process of controlled cellular suicide that eliminates cells that are stressed, unneeded, excessive or aged?
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apoptosis
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A change in cell size, shape or arrangement due to long term irritation or inflammation.
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dysplasia
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Excessive cell proliferation.
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hyperplasia
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Growth of an organ or tissue due to an increase in the size of its cell.
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hypertrophy
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Death of a cell or group due to injury or disease.
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necrosis
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This tissue type is able to withstand tension.
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dense irregular
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This tissue type supports stress when pulling force is in one direction
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dense regular
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This tissue type supports
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cushions and protects different organs
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This tissue type maintains structure and allows flexibility
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cartilage
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this tissue type provides tensile strength and allows flexibility
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cartilage
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This tissue type provides tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock.
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fibrocartilage
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This tissue type supports and protects organs stores calcium and other minerals.
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bone tissue
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This tissue type transports gasses and releases wastes.
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blood
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This tissue type facilitates muscle contraction
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voluntary movement
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This tissue type pumps blood into the circulatory system.
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cardiac
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This tissue type facilitates involuntary contraction of substances or objects along intestinal passageways.
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smooth muscle
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This tissue type allows for transmission of electrical signals.
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nerve tissue
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This tissue plays a supporting role in finflammation and conveys tissue fluid.
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areolar connective tissue
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This tissue type provides insulation proteciont and provides energy.
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adipose
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This tissue type forms soft internal skeletons that support other cells.
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reticular
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The function of this skin receptor is as a tactile organ located in the dermal papillae
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meissner’s
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This skin receptor is an oval
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highly laminated structure that is sensitive to pressure.
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This skin receptor consists of flattened corpuscles located in the deepr layer of the dermis and is sensitive to pressue and warmth.
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ruffiinis
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This skin receptor is scattered throughout the dermis and senses cold sensations.
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krause’s
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Which part of an animal cell contains the genetic information or DNA?
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chromatin
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Which part of the animal cell protects the nucleus?
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nuclear envelope
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Which part of an animal cell holds the DNA?
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nucleus
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Which part of an animal cell regulates the passage of particles into and out of the cell and holds receptors?
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plasma membrane
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Which parts of an animal cell are included in protein synthesis?
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rough endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes
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Which part of an animal cell removes toxins?
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peroxisome
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Which part of an animal cell is involved in cell division?
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centriole
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Which part of an animal cell absorbs nutrients?
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micro villi
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Which part of an animal cell is the powerhouse responsible for producing energy in the form of ATP?
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mitochondria
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Which parf of an animal cell is the site of intra-cellular digestion and contains digestive enzymes that destroy and recycle old and/or damaged cells?
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lysosome
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Which part of an animal cell is the space where all organelles are held together through the cytoskeleton?
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cytosol
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Which part of an animal cell is responsible for the production of steroids and lipids for the plasma membrane?
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smooth endoplasmic reticulum
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Which part of an animal cell is the site of assembly of the large and small pieces of the ribosomes?
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nucleolus
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What is a group of similar cells that perform similar functions.
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tissue
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What is the science that deals with the study of tissues?
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histology
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What is the name of a physician who specializes in laboratory studies of cells and tissues to help other physicians make accurate diagnosis?
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pathologist
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What is the name of the tissue that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity?
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epithelial
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This tissue forms parts of most glands.
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epithelial
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The purpose of this tissue is protection, absorption, filtration, and forms slippery surfaces.
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epithelial
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In epithelial tissue, lost cells are quickly replaced by what?
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cell division
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One layer of cells
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simple
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More than one layer of cells
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stratified
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What does the last name of tissue describe?
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shape
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What does the first name of tissue indicate?
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number of cell layers
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Cells are wider than tall (plate –like)
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squamous
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Cells are as wide as tall like cubes.
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cuboidal
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Cells are taller than they are wide, like columns.
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columnar
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Not supplied with blood vessels.
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avascular
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Supplied with nerve endings.
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innervated
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Single layer, flat cells with disk shaped nuclei.
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simple squamous epithelium
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What is the slick lining of hollow organs?
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endothelium
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What is the type of tissue that lines peritoneal, pleural, pericardial cavities and covers visceral organs of those cavities?
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mesothelium
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What type of tissue is found in renal corpuscles, the alveoli of lungs, the lining of the heart, blood and lymphatic vessels and the lining of the ventral body cavity?
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simple squamous epithelium
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Single layer of cube-like cells with large, spherical central nuclei.
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simple cuboidal epithelium
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Which tissue type is responsible for passage of materials by passive diffusion and filtration and secretes lubricating substances in serosa.
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simple squamous epithelium
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Which tissue has the functions of secretion and absorption?
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simple cuboidal epithelium
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Which type of tissue is located in kidney tubules, secretory portions of small glands and ovary surface?
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simple cuboidal epithelium
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Single layer of column-shaped rectangular cells with oval nuclei.
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simple columnar epithelium
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What is the name of cells that hold mucous?
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goblet cells
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Which tissue has the function of absorption and secretion of mucus, enzymes and other substances?
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simple columnar epithelium
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What are the two types of simple columnar epithelium?
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ciliated and non-ciliated
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Which tissue lines the digestive tract, gallbladder and the ducts of some glands?
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non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium
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Which tissue lines small bronchi, uterine tubes and uterus?
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ciliated simple columnar epithelium
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According to which layer is stratified epithelial tissue named?
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apical
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From which layer does stratified epithelium regenerate?
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basal
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Which is the thickest epithelial tissue adapted for protection from abrasion?
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stratified squamous epithelium
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Which type of stratified squamous epithelial tissue forms moist lining of body openings?
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nonkeratinized
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Which tissue functions to protect underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion?
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stratified squamous epithelium
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Which tissue is rare and found in the male urethra and large ducts of some glands?
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stratified columnar epithelium
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Which tissue has basal cells that are usually cuboidal or columnar and superficial cells that are dome shaped or squamous?
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transitional epithelium
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Which tissue stretches and permits distension of the urinary bladder?
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transitional epithelium
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Which tissue is derived from epithelial cells that sank below the surface during development?
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glandular epithelium
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Which tissue’s function is secretion which is accomplished by glandular cells?
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glandular epithelium single cells or a group of cells that secrete substances into ducts, onto a surface, or into the blood.
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What are the two main types of glands?
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endocrine and exocrine
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What does the suffix –crine stand for?
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secretion
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Mucin + water =
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mucus
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What types of cells produce mucin?
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goblet cells
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Goblet cells are an example of what type of exocrine gland?
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unicellular
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What type of junction holds epithelial cells together?
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adherens
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What types of junctions are common between cells that line the stomach, intestines and urinary bladder?
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tight
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What is defined as the inner open space or cavity of a tubular organ such as a blood vessel or intestine?
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apical
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Two disc-like plaques connected across intercellular space.
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desmosomes
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Plaques of adjoining cells are joined by proteins called…
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cadherins
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Which cell junctions let small molecules move directly between neighboring cells and function in intercellular communication?
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gap
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A thin sheet of protein that underlies an epithelium.
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basal lamina
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What acts as a selective filter determining which molecules from capillaries enter the epithelium?
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basal lamina
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What acts as scaffolding along which regenerating epithelial tissue cells can migrate?
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basal lamina
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Fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane.
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microvilli
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whip like, highly mobile extensions of apical surface membranes.
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cilia
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epithelium derives from which germ layers?
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all three
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Connective tissue and muscle derive from which germ layer/s?
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mesoderm
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Nerve tissue derives from which germ layer?
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ectoderm
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Common embryonic origin.
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mesenchyme
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What is the most diverse and abundant tissue?
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connective
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What are the four classes of connective tissue?
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connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone tissue and blood
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What are the two subclasses of connective tissue proper?
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loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue
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What are three types of loose connective tissue?
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areolar, adipose and reticular
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What are three types of dense connective tissue?
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dense irregular, dense regular and elastic
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Which tissue is the ‘main battlefield’ in fighting infection?
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areolar
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Which connective tissue widely distributed under epithelia (subcutaneous layer deep to skin), packages organs and surrounds capillaries?
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areolar
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Which connective tissue is located under the skin, around the kidneys, behind the eyeballs, within the abdomen and in breasts?
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adipose tissue
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Which connective tissue is located in the lymph nodes, bone marrow and the spleen?
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reticular
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Which connective tissue holds organs together like the liver, spleen, lymph nodes and bone marrow?
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reticular
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Which connective tissue withstands tension, provides structural strength and is located in the dermis of the skin, submucosa of the digestive tract and fibrous capsules of joints and organs?
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dense irregular
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Which connective tissue attaches muscle to bone, attaches bone to bone and withstands great stress in one direction?
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dense regular
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Which connective tissue is located in the tendons and ligaments, the aponeuroses and the fascia around muscles?
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dense regular
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Which tissue allows recoil after stretching and is located within walls of arteries, in certain ligaments and surrounding bronchial tubes?
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elastic
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Which connective tissue is firm, flexible, contains no blood vessels or nerves and contains up to 80% water?
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cartilage
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Which connective tissue supports and reinforces, is a resilient cushion and resists repetitive stress?
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hyaline cartilage
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Which connective tissue is located in the fetal skeleton, the ends of long bones, the costal cartilage of ribs, and the cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx?
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hyaline cartilage
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Which connective tissue is similar to hyaline cartilage and has more stretchy fibers in the matrix?
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elastic cartilage
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Which connective tissue maintains shape of structure and allows for great flexibility?
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elastic cartilage
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Which connective tissue supports the external ear and is found in the epiglottis?
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elastic cartilage
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Which connective tissue has a matrix that is similar to but less firm than hyaline cartilage?
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fibrocartilage
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Which connective tissue has tensile strength and the ability to absorb compressive shock?
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fibrocartilage
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Which connective tissue is located in intervertebral discs, the pubic symphysis and discs of knee joints?
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fibrocartilage
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Which connective tissue consists of a calcified matrix containing many collage fibers?
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bone tissue
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What secretes collagen fibers and matrix?
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osteoblast
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Mature bone cells in lacunae.
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osteocytes
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Which connective tissue supports and protects organs, provides levers and attachment site for muscles, stores calcium and other minerals, and stores fat?
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bone tissue
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A rigid piece that transmits and modifies force or motion when forces are applied at two points and it turns about a third.
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lever
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Which connective tissue is an atypical connective tissue that develops from mesenchyme and consists of cells surrounded by a nonliving matrix?
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blood tissue
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Which connective tissue transports respiratory gasses, nutrients and wastes within blood vessels?
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blood tissue
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What are the three types of membranes?
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cutaneous, mucous, serous
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What is another word for the cutaneous membrane?
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skin
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Which type of membrane lines hollow organs that open to the surface of the body and consists of an epithelial sheet underlain with a layer of lamina propria?
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mucous membrane
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Which type of membrane is known as a slippery membrane, consists of simple squamous epithelium lying on areolar connective tissue and can be found in the pleural, peroneal and pericardial cavities?
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serous
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What are the three types of muscle tissue?
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skeletal, cardiac and smooth
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Which muscle tissue consists of long, cylindrical cells, is multinucleated and has obvious striations?
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skeletal muscle
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Which muscle tissue functions in voluntary movement, manipulation of the environment and facial expression?
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skeletal muscle
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Which muscle tissue consists of branching, striated cells, is generally uninucleated and its cells interdigitate at intercalated discs?
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cardiac muscle
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Which muscle tissue consists of spindle shaped cells with central nuclei and is arranged closely to forms sheets with no striations?
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smooth muscle
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Which muscle tissue functions in propelling substances along internal passageways and involuntary control and is located mostly on the walls of hollow organs?
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smooth muscle
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Which connective tissue consists of neurons and glial cells and is found in the brain, spinal cord and nerves?
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nervous tissue
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Which connective tissue transmits electrical signals from sensory receptors to effectors?
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nervous tissue
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