Lecture Final

Front 1

cartilage

Back 1

tough but flexible tissue that covers the ends of your bones at a joint (knee, elbow)

Front 2

matrix

Back 2

the material or tissue between cells in which more specialized structures are embedded

Front 3

lacunae

Back 3

empty space in the matrix of bone or cartilage where the cells (osteocytes in bone, or chondrocytes in cartilage) are located.

Front 4

chondroblast

Back 4

A dividing cell of growing cartilage tissue

Front 5

chondrocyte

Back 5

a cell that has secreted the matrix of cartilage and become embedded in it

Front 6

bone

Back 6

Connective tissue having protein fibers and a hard matrix of inorganic salts, notably calcium salts.

Front 7

Haversian canal

Back 7

any of the minute tubes that form a network in bone and contain blood vessels.

Front 8

canaliculi

Back 8

small canals

Front 9

osteoblast

Back 9

cell that builds bones

Front 10

osteocyte

Back 10

cell that senses pressures or cracks in the bone

Front 11

osteoclasts

Back 11

large cells that dissolve the bone

Front 12

parathyroid hormone

Back 12

stimulates the thyroid gland

Front 13

vitamin D

Back 13

maintain normal blood levels of calcium and phosphorus; activated by sunlight

Front 14

skeletal muscle

Back 14

a type of striated muscle that is generally responsible for the voluntary movements of the body

Front 15

striated

Back 15

skeletal muscle

Front 16

acetylcholine receptor

Back 16

neurotransmitter for both invertebrates and vertebrates

Front 17

sodium ion channel

Back 17

membrane proteins allowing sodium ions through the cell

Front 18

T Tubules

Back 18

an infolding of the plasma membrane

Front 19

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Back 19

special endoplasmic reticulum that regulates the calcium concentration in the cytosol of muscle cells

Front 20

calcium ions

Back 20

C+2

Front 21

troponin

Back 21

controls the position of tropomyosin on the filament

Front 22

tropomyosin

Back 22

moves so it covers the sites where actin and myosin can bind and the muscle relaxes

Front 23

actin

Back 23

microfilaments

Front 24

myosin

Back 24

thick filaments

Front 25

z lines

Back 25

where thin filaments attach

Front 26

cardiac muscle

Back 26

skeletal muscle found in the walls of the heart

Front 27

pacemaker cells

Back 27

produce electricity in the body by rapidly changing their electrical charge from positive to negative and back again

Front 28

SA node

Back 28

the heart's natural pacemaker

Front 29

AV node

Back 29

controls heart rate

Front 30

intercalated discs

Back 30

microscopic identifying features of cardiac muscle

Front 31

gap junctions

Back 31

junction sites between animal cells for communication

Front 32

glia

Back 32

connective tissue of the nervous system

Front 33

central nervous system (CNS)

Back 33

brain and spinal cord

Front 34

spinal cord

Back 34

main pathway for information connecting the brain and peripheral nervous system

Front 35

brain

Back 35

functioning as the coordinating center of sensation and intellectual and nervous activity

Front 36

astrocytes

Back 36

They are star-shaped glial cells that are found in the CNS; They provide: physical support, repair,

Front 37

oligodendrocytes

Back 37

a glial cell similar to an astrocyte but with fewer protuberances, concerned with the production of myelin in the central nervous system.`

Front 38

microglia

Back 38

Microglia are the primary immune cells of the CNS

Front 39

peripheral nervous system

Back 39

controls all voluntary and involuntary muscles and glands

Front 40

schwann cell

Back 40

part of the PNS produce the myelin sheath around neuronal axons

Front 41

myelin

Back 41

a mixture of proteins and phospholipids forming a sheath around many nerve fibers increasing impulse speed

Front 42

node of ranvier

Back 42

gap in myelin sheath of a nerve between schwann cells

Front 43

chemically gated channels

Back 43

Open when they bind to specific chemicals.

Front 44

voltage gated channel

Back 44

open in response to depolarization and action potential

Front 45

action potential

Back 45

A rapid change in the membrane potential depolarization followed by a return to the resting membrane potential.

Front 46

threshold

Back 46

value that the membrane potential must reach to create action potential

Front 47

depolarization

Back 47

process where resting potential is decreased as Na moves into the axon

Front 48

repolarization

Back 48

K+ ions move out of the axon

Front 49

sodium potassium pump

Back 49

transports 3 Na+ out of the cell for every 2 K+ that it transports in

Front 50

potassium ion channels

Back 50

a slow voltage-gated channel selective for the passage of potassium ions

Front 51

calcium ion channel

Back 51

only lets in calcium ions

Front 52

neurotransmitter release

Back 52

happens when the action potential reaches the axon terminal

Front 53

exocytosis

Back 53

cells poop stuff out (secrete content)

Front 54

diffusion (gases and hydrophobic molecules)

Back 54

particle movement from higher to lower concentration gradient

Front 55

motor nervous system

Back 55

part of central nervous system involved with movement

Front 56

autonomic nervous system

Back 56

controls involuntary processes

Front 57

sympathetic branch

Back 57

part of the nervous system that serves to accelerate the heart rate, constrict blood vessels, and raise blood pressure (STRESS)

Front 58

parasympathetic branch

Back 58

part of the involuntary nervous system that serves to slow the heart rate, increase intestinal and glandular activity, and relax the sphincter muscles. (RELAXES)

Front 59

adrenalin

Back 59

hormone secreted responding to stress

Front 60

autocrine

Back 60

the cell signals itself through a chemical that it synthesizes and then responds to.

Front 61

paracrine

Back 61

chemical signals that diffuse into the area and interact with receptors on nearby cells

Front 62

hormone

Back 62

a chemical substance produced in the body that controls and regulates the activity of certain cells or organs.

Front 63

endocrine

Back 63

the chemicals are secreted into the blood and carried by blood and tissue fluids to the cells they act upon

Front 64

pheromone

Back 64

a chemical substance produced and released into the environment by an animal,affecting the behavior of others of its species.

Front 65

second messenger

Back 65

a substance whose release within a cell is promoted by a hormone and that brings about a response by the cell

Front 66

tolerance

Back 66

the ability of an organism to survive when subjected to abiotic (like sunlight) factors or biotic (like predators) factors

Front 67

adduct

Back 67

the ability of an organism to survive when subjected to abiotic factors or biotic factors is called tolerance

Front 68

abduct

Back 68

to carry off or lead away (a person) illegally and in secret or by force, especially to kidnap

Front 69

invert

Back 69

to turn inwards

Front 70

evert

Back 70

to turn outwards