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160 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Capillaries |
The only place in the circulatory system where gas exchange occurs |
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Epicardium Visceral pericardium |
The____ is the fibrous other covering of the heart. It is also called the___ ____ |
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Myocardium |
The middle layer of the heart, contains thick muscle |
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Endocardium |
The smooth inner lining of the heart |
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5040 |
We must propel about____ ml of blood a minute around our bodies to support life |
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Cardiac output |
The amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute is called: |
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Systemic |
____ circulation is the flow of blood through the entire body |
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Atherosclerosis |
The hardening of arteries is called: |
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Atrioventricular |
The muscle layer that divides the atria from the ventricles is called the____ septum |
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Chordae tendonae Papillary muscles |
The bicuspid and tricuspid valves are opened by____ ____, which are anchored by the____ ____ |
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Foramen ovale |
Before birth, the hole between the 2 atria is called the____ ____ |
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Coronary sinus |
The____ ____ brings back blood to the right atrium that has oxygenated the heart itself |
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Stroke volume |
The amount of blood that is pushed out each time the heart squeezes |
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Connective tissue Squamous Basement |
Endothelium is made of a little bit of____ ____, simple____ epithelium, and a____ membrane |
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Spindle shaped One nucleus Cross striations Wide t-tubules Intercalacted discs |
Ways that cardiac muscle is a cross between skeletal muscle and smooth muscle: |
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Semilunar |
The 2____ valves prevent blood from backing up into the ventricles |
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Cardiac cycle |
The sequence of events that occurs in a single heartbeat, including atrial and ventricular contraction and relax |
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Stroke volume Stretching Exercise |
According to Starling Law, the____ ____ increases in response to the volume of blood filling the heart when all other factors remain constant. The way to increase this is by____ the ventricles through_____ |
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Blood pressure |
The pressure of body walls and structures pushing against blood that is flowing in vessels |
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Electrical |
Cardiac muscle is inherently____ |
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Sinoatrial node |
Where a heartbeat originates, the first electrical place in the heart |
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Pulse pressure |
The measure of blood in the heart between systole and diastole is called____ ____. It is found by taking the difference of the two |
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Media |
In a blood vessel, the bulk of it is made of an elastic portion called the____. |
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Externa |
In a blood vessel, this is the part that anchors the vessel in place in the environment |
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Right atrium near coronary sinus |
The SA node is located where? |
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Shorter Delay |
The AV node is considerably____ than the SA node so as to provide a____ |
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Back of right atrium, atrioventricular septal area |
The AV node is located where? |
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Fibrillation |
Electrical chaos in the heart is called____ |
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Interventricular septum |
The bundle of Hiis is located where? |
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Sympathetic Parasympathetic |
Although the heart beats intrinsically, it can be overridden by the____ and____ nervous systems |
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High BP Aneurysm |
If the ascending aorta loses elasticity, it creates friction in the blood, which can lead to: (2) |
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Mean arterial pressure Capillary and organ perfusion |
A measure of the pressure in your arterial system is called : What does it indicate? |
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Continuous |
The most common type of capillary in the body is____ |
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Continuous Fenestrated Barrier Sinusoidal |
The 4 types of capillaries mentioned in class were : |
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Vasomotor Medulla |
The____ center in the____ of the brain regulates heart rate and blood vessel diameter |
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Increases Sympathetic Constrict |
If the CO2 levels in the blood____, the vasomotor center tells the____ nervous system to____ the vessels |
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Carotid Aortic arch |
Baroreceptors in the____ and____ ____ influence heart rate, sends message to medulla |
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Nervous Capillary fluid shift Kidney /excretory Hormonal |
Four mechanisms that control heart rate and BP are: |
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Volume Composition PH |
The kidneys work with the blood to adjust 3 things about the blood: |
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200 |
After the bladder contains____ ml of urine, you feel the need to void |
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Renal capsule |
The cortex of the kidney is covered by the____ ____ |
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Space |
The renal pelvis is a____ |
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Blood |
If the urine pH is appropriate, the____ pH is appropriate |
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Voiding Micturition |
Two other terms for urination are: |
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Hilus |
The indented portion of the kidney is called the____ |
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Transitional Rugae Detrusor |
The bladder is made of____ epithelium, has folds called____, and contains a special muscle called the____ |
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Trigone |
The____ is the region where the bladder and the ureters meet. It is a common site for infection |
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Efferent arteriole |
The nephron unit is unique because it contains the____ ____ |
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Renal sinus |
Kidney stones are formed where: |
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Cortical Juxtamedullary Cortical |
The 2 types of nephron units are: Which is most common? |
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Medulla |
The juxtamedullary nephron unit is found in the____ of the kidney |
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Pyramids Papillae |
In the kidneys, the collecting tubes from the nephron unit collect urine in the____, and it drips out the____ |
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Filtration membrane |
The site where toxins and waste in blood get filtered and are sent to be made into urine |
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Renal corpuscle |
Bowman's capsule and the glomerulus together form the____ ____ |
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Two |
There are____ urinary sphincters at the end of the urethra |
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Cortex |
The peritubular capillary bed is located in the____ |
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Solute |
The medulla of the kidney is full of accumulated____ |
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Renal capsule Adipose capsule Renal fascia |
The 3 covering of the kidney are: |
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Renal fascia |
A covering of the kidney that anchors it to the wall of the back |
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Adipose capsule |
A covering of the kidney that absorbs shock from normal movement |
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Renal capsule |
The covering of the kidney that is a fibrous transparent sheath that prevents the spread of infection |
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70 |
Each drop of blood in the body passes through the kidneys____ times per day |
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Renal vein |
The vessel in the body with the lowest amount of waste product is the: |
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Urea Uric acid |
____ is the product of the breakdown of protein ____ ____ is the breakdown of nucleic acids |
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Filtrate Urine |
The wastes, while in Bowman's capsule, are called____. It is called____ once it drips out of the papillae |
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Glomerulus 60 2 |
The____ has the highest pressure out of all the capillary beds in the body at____ mmhg. Every other capillary bed is about____ mmhg |
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Osmotic 32 |
The____ pressure in the glomerulus is from albumin telling water not to go. It is____ mmhg |
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125 123 |
After being filtered through bowman capsule, there is about____ ml of wastes per minute. ____ ml of this volume is retrievable |
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Water Urea Uric acid |
Tubular reabsorption brings back (3) into circulation |
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Cuboidal Microvilli |
The lining of the PCT is made of____ epithelium and contains____ |
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Passively PCT Protein |
50% of urea is brought back____ into circulation in the____ of the nephron unit. It plays an important role in____ breakdown regulation |
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Albumin Abdominal cavity |
If you are in liver failure, you will not make____ and fluid will not stay in blood. It will leak into the____ ____ |
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Dilating Constricting |
The afferent and efferent arterioles can increase or decrease pressure by____ or____ |
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Actively |
Uric acid (90%) is reabsorbed____ and it's purpose is unknown |
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Gout |
A buildup of uric acid in the body can cause____ |
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PCT |
Glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed into the peritubular capillary from the____ of the nephron unit |
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Carrier molecule Basal Gradient |
Sodium passes into the peritubular capillary from the PCT by way of a____ ____ . Once it hits the____ membrane, it brings a chloride and creates a____ so that water can follow |
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Gradient Water |
The medulla of the kidney is full of solutes to provide a____ in case the body needs to save____ |
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Tubular secretion |
The kidneys help to regulate pH by____ ____ |
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DCT ADH |
Water is reabsorbed in the____ of the nephron unit in response to____ |
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Parathormone |
The hormone____ makes the nephron kick out PO4 and save Ca |
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Buffer |
PO4 in the urine serves as a____, so your ureters, bladder, and urethra aren't damaged |
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Parathormone Aldosterone Angiotensin 1 and 2 |
The hormones involved in tubular secretion are: (3) |
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DCT |
Tubular secretion occurs primarily in the____ |
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Deaminization |
If there are too many free H+ ions in the nephron unit,____ can occur in the DCT |
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Lining Ammonium |
In deaminization, the amine group comes off a protein of the____ cells and picks up 2 H+ ions and becomes_____ |
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Reabsorbed |
Ammonium cannot be____ |
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Hypotension |
Angiotensin 1 and 2 are released in the case of____ |
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Dehydrated |
If ADH is produced, your hypothalamus has determined that you are____ |
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1500 |
We make about____ ml of urine a day |
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Gonads Ovary Testicles |
Glands that produce gametes 2 examples : |
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Spermatogenesis Spermiogenesis Motility Capacitation |
The 4 steps in sperm production are: |
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4 |
1 spermatogonia yields____ mature sperm |
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Inguinal canal |
The passageway where testicles descend through the abdominal wall to the scrotum before birth |
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Germinal |
Before birth, the testicles form from____ tissue around the kidneys |
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Dartis Crenastor |
The 2 muscles that determine the location of a testicle in the scrotal sac |
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Spermatic cord |
The____ ____ is the lifeline of the testicle |
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Artery Vein Lymphatic duct Crenastor Nerve Vas deferens |
The 6 things inside the spermatic cord are: |
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Seminiferous tubules |
Spermatogenesis occurs where? |
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Tunica albuginea |
The testicles are encapsulated by a tough fibrous sac of connective tissue called the____ ____ |
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Lobules |
The tunica albuginea separates the testicle into____ where the seminiferous tubules go |
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Germinal Macaroni |
The seminiferous tubules are made of____ epithelium and resemble a piece of____ |
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Gubernaculum |
A type of tissue called_____ pulls the testicle down during descent and anchors it to the bottom of the scrotal sac |
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Spermatogenesis |
The genetic preparation phase of sperm production where a 2n spermatogonia is turned into a 1n sperm |
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Spermiogenesis Epididymus |
The streamlining phase of sperm production, occurs in the____ |
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Urethra |
Sperm become motile once they reach the____ |
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Capacitation |
The phase of sperm where it travels through the female body and fertilizes the egg |
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Spermatic cord |
The____ ____ connects the testes to the body proper |
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Epididymus |
The____ is a storage bin for sperm until they are needed |
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Spermatogonia 46 |
Unborn boys have____. These have____ chromosomes and undergo meiosis |
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Primary spermatocyte |
In the presence of hormones in maturation, the spermatogonia divide into____ ____ |
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Seminiferous tubules Sperm Interstitial cells |
FSH works on: (2) LH works on: (1) |
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Sertoli Nurse Sustentacular |
Cells in the seminiferous tubules that guide and nourish sperm. They are not distinct and part of the testicle blood barrier |
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Spermatogonia |
The most immature sperm cell possible is the____ |
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Sertoli |
The hormone inhibin is produced by the____ cells |
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Androgen binding protein |
In the presence of.____ ____ ____, testosterone will stay in the sertoli cells and sperm maturation will occur |
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Sterile |
If testosterone doesn't stay in the sertoli cells, the male will become____ |
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Metabolism Mitochondrial Acidic |
During spermiogenesis, the spermatids undergo____ to slim down.____ storage is built up, and a byproduct of these reactions creates an____ environment that keeps flagella from moving |
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Bladder |
The seminal vesicles lie on the posterior____ wall |
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Chestnut |
The prostate gland is the size of a____ |
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Prostate Seminal vesicles |
The____ and the___ ____ produce the bulk of the semen, which is very alkaline |
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Cowpers Bulbourethral |
Pea sized glands that release a mucosy fluid into semen and neutralizes urine in the urethra |
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Parasympathetic Sympathetic |
The____ nervous system turns on an erection, while the____ nervous system turns it off |
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Nitric oxide |
The parasympathetic nervous system in the penis releases____ ____to relax vessels and allow blood to flow in |
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Psychic Manipulation |
An erection can occur as a____ event or by____ |
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Peristalsis |
During the emission phase of the male sex act,____ pushes the sperm along the vas deferens and into the urethra |
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Emission |
The phase of the male sex act that moves the sperm out of the epididymus |
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120 million |
There are (how many) sperm per mL of semen? |
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Prostatic |
The ejaculation phase of the male sex act starts when sperm reach the____ urethra |
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1 tsp |
How much semen is released in ejaculation? |
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Corpora cavernosa |
In the cross section of the penis, the blood vessels are surrounded by a spongy tissue area called the____ ____ |
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Corpus spongeosum |
In the cross section of the penis, the erectile tissue area around the urethra is called the___ ____ |
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Fimbriae |
Finger like projections on the infundibulum of the fallopian tube that helps guide the egg into the tube |
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Tunica albuginea |
The entire ovary is covered by a tough fibrous connective tissue called____ ____ |
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Stroma |
The bulk of the cortex of the ovary is filled with grass like substance called____. The infrastructure of the cortex |
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Genital ridges A million |
In embryonic females, there will be____ ____that will give rise to ovaries. A female is born with how many eggs? |
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Primary oocytes Primordial follicle |
Females are born with immature eggs called____ ____. They are surrounded by an immature follicle called a____ ____ |
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Elevated Decreased Inverse |
When FHS and LH are____, estrogen and progesterone will be____. This is a(n)____ relationship |
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Glandular Fat |
Progesterone works on____ tissue and estrogen works on____ |
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Androgen |
Theca cells make____ hormones |
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Follicular fluid |
To see if a woman is ovulating, you can check for the presence of____ ____ |
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1) primary oocyte divides into polar body and secondary oocyte 2) tunica albuginea thins |
The 2 things that happen as a result of the LH surge are: |
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13 |
The LH surge happens around day____ of the ovarian cycle |
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Corpus luteum Progesterone |
After a secondary oocyte breaks out of the ovary, the theca remains and is known as the_____ ____. It releases____ for 2 weeks |
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Follicular |
In the ovarian cycle, day 1 to 14 is called the____ phase |
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Preovulatory Proliferation |
In the ovarian phase, day 6 to 14 is called the____ phase. (2 names) |
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Ovulation |
In the ovarian cycle, day 14 is known as____ |
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Luteal Post-ovulatory Secretory |
In the ovarian cycle, day 15 to 18 is known as the____ phase. (3 names) |
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Peristalsis Third |
In the fallopian tubes,____ pushes the egg down and in the upper____ is where fertilization occurs |
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Myometrium |
Most of the uterus is made of smooth muscle called____ |
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Endometrium Columnar Stratum basalis |
The inner lining of the uterus is called the____. It is made of simple____ epithelium and has a layer underneath called the____ ____ |
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Endometriosis |
A proliferation or overgrowth of endometrium is called___ |
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Basalis |
In the uterus, the stratum____ is always present, and will be the thinnest that the lining will ever be |
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Menses |
____ signals the beginning of the uterine cycle |
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Albumin Zona pellucida |
In the fallopian tubes,____ weakens the acrosomes of sperm. Enzymes are released from the sperm that weaken the____ ____ |
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Fertilization Division |
An egg is mature only after____ occurs. It causes a second____ of the oocyte |
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Human chorionic gonadotropin |
After an egg is fertilized, the corona radiata releases: |
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Corpus luteum Endometrium Progesterone |
If an egg is not fertilized, the____ ___ dies. As a result, the____ will die from reduced levels of____ |
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Menopause |
A condition that occurs when the follicles fail to be turned on by LH and no longer function |
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Immune system |
The testicular barrier protects growing cells from being destroyed by the____ ____ |
