Lecture Exam Comp.

Front 1

What is the largest organ of the human body?

Back 1

Skin

Front 2

Matter

Back 2

anything that has mass and occupies space

Front 3

What is cell theory?

Back 3

cells are basic living unit and all cells come from other pre-exsisting cells

Front 4

Anatomy

Back 4

Science of body structures and relationships among them.

Front 5

Describe the two parts of the skin

Back 5

Epidermis - superficial layer of epithelium (external)
Dermis - deep connective tissue (deep)

Front 6

Atoms

Back 6

the smallest stable units of matter, composed of 3 subatomic particles (protons, neutrons, electrons)

Front 7

What is homeostasis?

Back 7

balanced internal environment, which allows biochemical mechanisms to function.

Front 8

Physiology

Back 8

Science of body functions and how body parts work.

Front 9

What are the functions of the skin?

Back 9

Protection, sensation, temp regulation, vit. D production, excretion

Front 10

Protons

Back 10

(p+): positively charged particle, in nucleus

Front 11

Describe prokaryotic cells.

Back 11

bacteria; no nucleus but a nucliod, no membrane bound organelles.

Front 12

Organization of the Body

Back 12

Chemical, celluar, tissue, organ, system, organismal.

Front 13

What is the epidermis described as?

Back 13

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Front 14

Neutrons

Back 14

(n0): uncharged particle, in nucleus

Front 15

Describe eukarytoic cells.

Back 15

plants, animals; nucleus, membrane bound organelles

Front 16

What are merkel cells and where are they found?

Back 16

epidermis; reception of light touch

Front 17

Electrons

Back 17

(e): negatively charged particle; orbits nucleus because they’re attracted to protons

Front 18

What is a protoplasm?

Back 18

contents of a living cell; includes organelles, cytoplasm and nucleus

Front 19

What are langerhans cells and where are they found?

Back 19

epidermis; immune system

Front 20

Element

Back 20

substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical reactions

Front 21

What is a cytoplasm?

Back 21

everything within the cell membrane not including the nucleus.

Front 22

What waterproofs the skin?

Back 22

keratin protien.

Front 23

Which four elements make up 96% of the body?

Back 23

Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen

Front 24

What is a nucleoplasm?

Back 24

the contents of the cell nucleus

Front 25

What are keratinocytes?

Back 25

: comprises 90% of all of epidermal cells

Front 26

What are the important trace elements found in the body?

Back 26

iodine, copper

Front 27

Describe the cell membrane.

Back 27

outside layer of cell, selectivly

Front 28

What are melanocytes?

Back 28

produces the pigment melanin. Melanocytes exist in the lower portion of the epidermis and transfer their melanin to keratinocytes by pinocytosis.

Front 29

Molecule

Back 29

2 or more atoms held by a chemical bond

Front 30

What is the cytosol

Back 30

intracellular fluid

Front 31

List the five strata of the epidermis.

Back 31

Stratum:
- cornuem, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

Front 32

Compound

Back 32

2 or more molecules composed of different elements

Front 33

Describe the function of a Ribosome.

Back 33

Formed in the nucleus and most numerous of all organelles; produce proteins under the direction of the nucleus, composed of RNA and protein, also are found attached to the ER, free in the cytosol, in mitochondria.

Front 34

Describe the Stratum Corneum.

Back 34

consists of 25-30 layers of flat dead squamous cells that are completely filled with keratin. They will be continuously shed and replaced by deeper cells.

Front 35

Ten most abundant elements in the body?

Back 35

O, C, H, N, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cl, K, Na

Front 36

What's the definition of enzyme?

Back 36

speeds up reactions by lowering the activation energy required

Front 37

Describe the function of a Endoplasmic Reticulum.

Back 37

network of internal membranes extending through cytoplasm, attached to the nucleus, smooth and rough

Front 38

Six basic life processes

Back 38

Metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, reproduction

Front 39

Describe the Startaum Lucidum.

Back 39

3-5 layers of clear, flat dead cells. Found only on palms and soles of feet.

Front 40

Metabolism

Back 40

The sum of all chemical processes in the body. Two phases: 1) catabolism - breakdown 2) anabolism - build up

Front 41

Oxygen

Back 41

(O) - a major contributor to both organic and inorganic molecules; as a gas it is necessary for
the production of cellular energy (respiration)

Front 42

What are the basic building blocks of proteins?

Back 42

amino acids joined by peptide bonds

Front 43

Describe the function of a Smooth ER.

Back 43

lacks ribosomes on outer surface, lipids are made and drugs are detoxified

Front 44

Metabolism

Back 44

The sum of all chemical processes in the body. Two phases: 1) catabolism - breakdown 2) anabolism - build up

Front 45

Describe the Stratum Granulosum.

Back 45

3-5 layers of cells. Keratin begins to be formed and the nuclei of the keratinocytes begin to degenerate

Front 46

Carbon

Back 46

(C) - backbone of all organic molecules (like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids)

Front 47

What's the between an essential and non-essential amino acid?

Back 47

8 are non-essential = supplied
2 are essential = get from diet

Front 48

Describe the function of a Rough ER.

Back 48

ribosomes stud outer surface, proteins are made (synthesis) and modified

Front 49

Homeostasis

Back 49

Equilibrium in the body's internal environment through negative & positive feedback and the maintenance of the volume & composition of bodily fluids.

Front 50

Describe the Stratum Spinosum.

Back 50

8-10 layers of cells where uptake of melanin from melanocytes to keratinocytes occurs

Front 51

Hydrogen

Back 51

(H) - found in most organic compounds & energy transfers, influential on pH (make body
fluids more acidic)

Front 52

What's the formula for glucose?

Back 52

C6 H12 O6

Front 53

Describe the function of the Golgi Complex.

Back 53

stacks of flattened membrane sacs (cisternae) that processes, sorts, and modifies proteins

Front 54

Feedback systems

Back 54

A system to regulate the body's internal environment and return it to homeostasis. Positive and negative.

Front 55

Describe the Stratum Basale.

Back 55

Singles layer of stem cells that are continually going through mitosis producing new keratinocytes. Melanocytes also found in this area. The cells multiply, produce keratinocytes which push towards the surface of the skin. The nuclei will eventually degenerate because the cell is moving further away from the O2 and nutrient source, the blood. The cells die and become filled with keratin by the time they reach the stratum corneum.

Front 56

Nitrogen

Back 56

(N) - component of all proteins and nucleic acids; exists in chlorophyll (plants)

Front 57

What's the primary source of cellular respiration?

Back 57

Glucose

Front 58

Describe the function of the Golgi Apparatus.

Back 58

is a stack of membrane sacs where proteins are further modified and then shipped to their final destination.

Front 59

Components of a feedback system

Back 59

1)Receptor - monitors change & sends input to a control center; 2) Control center - sets a range of values which should be maintained; 3) Effector - receives output from control center and produces a response.

Front 60

Negative feedback

Back 60

When a change in one direction triggers a response in the opposite direction. Ex) blood pressure

Front 61

How long does it take for a cell to be pushed up from the s.basale to the top portion of the s.corneum?

Back 61

40-56 days

Front 62

Calcium

Back 62

(Ca) - structure of bone and teeth, aids in muscle contraction, conducts nerve impulses, blood
clotting, associated with plant cell wall

Front 63

What would have a greasy oil consistency?

Back 63

Lipid

Front 64

Describe the function of Lysosomes.

Back 64

vesicles that contain digestive enzymes to break down food, cellular waste and bacteria

Front 65

Positive feedback

Back 65

When a change in one direction stimulates further change in the same direction. Ex) childbirth

Front 66

What is a callus?

Back 66

skin that is under a lot of pressure or friction, the number of layers in the s. corneum increases to offer protection

Front 67

Magnesium

Back 67

(Mg) - found in bone and plays an important role in metabolic reactions, activates enzymes,
needed in blood, component of chlorophyll (plants)

Front 68

Describe the function of Peroxisomes.

Back 68

(cells w/ lipids) membrane-enclosed organelles containing enzymes that catalyze an assortment of metabolic reactions in which hydrogen is transferred from various compounds to oxygen. (break down lipids)

Front 69

Compare/contrast positive & negative feedback

Back 69

Because PF reinforces change in a controlled condition, some event outside the system must shut it off. While NF slows then stops as the controlled condition returns to its normal state. PF are rare while NF is used more often.

Front 70

What are the three main pigments responsible for skin color?

Back 70

melanin, carotene and hemoglobin.

Front 71

Iron

Back 71

(Fe) - component of hemoglobin (oxygen-transport protein in RBcells), activates enzymes

Front 72

Describe the function of Mitochodira.

Back 72

power house of the cell, where ATP is produced by cellular respiration

Front 73

Anatomical position

Back 73

Stands erect, facing forward, feet flat, palms forward.

Front 74

Describe melanin.

Back 74

This is the most important group of pigments in skin, hair and eyes. Melanin molecules have different colors, ranging from yellow to reddish-brown to black.

Front 75

Chlorine

Back 75

(Cl) - most plentiful anion (- charged) major electrolyte of blood and intracellular fluid, aids in
water balance, essential for photosynthesis.

Front 76

Describe the function of Centrioles.

Back 76

they occur in pairs, normally found at right angles to each other and are made out of microtubules; important in cell division

Front 77

Seven major regions of the body

Back 77

Head, neck, trunk, upper limb, lower limb

Front 78

What is albinism?

Back 78

An inherited lack of melanin formation is albinism. Individual has melanocytes and tyrosine but do not produce tyrosinase and therefore are unable to produce melanin. They lack color in their hair, eyes and skin.

Front 79

Potassium

Back 79

(K) - most plentiful cation (+ charged), major electrolyte of blood and intracellular fluid,
required for maintenance of pH and osmotic balance necessary for conduction of nerve impulses and muscle contraction

Front 80

Describe the function of Cillia.

Back 80

small hair - like structures that will transport material across a surface of a cell, only found on some cells

Front 81

Anterior

Back 81

front

Front 82

How is melanin produced?

Back 82

Melanin is synthesized from an amino acid, tyrosine, in melanocytes in the presence of an enzyme called tyrosinase

Front 83

Sodium

Back 83

(Na) - major electrolyte of blood and intracellular fluid, important in fluid balance, aids in
photosynthesis in plants; necessary for conduction of nerve impulses and muscle contraction

Front 84

Describe the function of Flagella.

Back 84

Long hair-like extensions that are responsible for mobility of cell (sperm)

Front 85

Posterior

Back 85

back

Front 86

Describe carotene.

Back 86

This is a yellowish-orange pigment that accumulates in the stratum corneum and subcutaneous layer.

Front 87

Atomic Number

Back 87

# of protons in the nucleus.

Front 88

Describe the function of the Nucleus.

Back 88

central to the cellular activities of cell division (mitosis and meiosis), replication and proteins synthesis (transcription and translation)

Front 89

Proximal

Back 89

toward the origin

Front 90

Describe hemoglobin.

Back 90

This is the red pigment found in red blood cells that carries oxygen, In the skin of caucasians, where there is little melanin, the skin appears pink

Front 91

Atomic Mass

Back 91

# of protons + neutrons in the nucleus.

Front 92

Where would you find cilia in the body?

Back 92

fallopian tubes, trachea

Front 93

Distal

Back 93

away from origin

Front 94

What is the dermis composed of?

Back 94

connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers.

Front 95

Atomic Mass Unit (AMU)

Back 95

mass of a single proton or a single neutron.

Front 96

What organelle is effected when someone has cystic fribrosis?

Back 96

Golgi Apparatus

Front 97

Superior

Back 97

toward the head, upper part of a structure

Front 98

Define collagen.

Back 98

a protein that gives connective strength and pliability. The most abundant protein is connective tissue.

Front 99

Periodic Table

Back 99

chart of the elements arranged in order by atomic number

Front 100

What organelle is effected when someone has tay-sachs?

Back 100

Lysosomes

Front 101

Inferior

Back 101

away from the head, lower part of the structure

Front 102

Define Elastin.

Back 102

a protein that gives skin stretchability

Front 103

Isotopes

Back 103

atoms of the same element whose nuclei contain the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons

Front 104

What are antioxidants and what do they help fight?

Back 104

Antioxidants are substances that inactivate oxygen-derived free radicals.

Front 105

Cranial

Back 105

top

Front 106

How is the dermis categorized?

Back 106

more superficial papillary region and the deeper reticular region; and the structures like hair follicles, glands, nails

Front 107

Radioisotopes

Back 107

isotopes that emit radiation when they decay

Front 108

Distinguish the characteristics of Mitosis vs. Meiosis.

Back 108

MI: Asexual, div of somatic cells, 1 div, IPMAT, 2N to 2N, 1 cell to 2
ME: Sexual, div of gametes, 2 div, I(PMAT)2, 2N to N, 1 cell to 4 haploids

Front 109

Caudal

Back 109

bottom

Front 110

What are sebaceous glands?

Back 110

These are oil glands that are located in the dermis and usually connected to hair follicles. The sebum from these glands prevents the hair from becoming brittle and breaking and maintains the moisture of the skin.

Front 111

Describe energy levels.

Back 111

1st shell can hold only 2 electrons; 2nd shell can hold 8 electrons; 3rd shell can hold 18 electrons; Outer-level filled: non-reactive, inert / Outer-level unfilled: reactive, H+ is most reactive

Front 112

Which organelle will be found in high numbers when looking at white blood cells?

Back 112

....

Front 113

Medial

Back 113

nearer to the midline

Front 114

What are sudoriferous glands?

Back 114

These are sweat glands located throughout the body. There are 2 types:
1. Merocrine (eccrine) - Most abundant; the sweat from these glands is very watery and they are responsible for temperature homeostasis
2. Apocrine - mostly found in the axillary and groin areas; they become active at time of puberty. The sweat from these glands is viscous and is produced during stress or excitement. Bacteria grow rapidly on this secretion and the breakdown of the sweat by the bacteria can lead to body odor. Influenced by sex hormones.

Front 115

Chemical Bond

Back 115

a region that forms when electrons from different atoms interact with each other; the electrons that participate in chemical bonds are the valence electrons, found in the outermost shell

Front 116

What organelle absorbs nutrients in the small intestine?

Back 116

....

Front 117

Lateral

Back 117

Farther from the midline

Front 118

What are ceruminous glands?

Back 118

These are modified sweat glands that are found only in the outer ear. They produce a waxy secretion called CERUMEN, which offers protection from some debris.

Front 119

Types of Chemical Bonds?

Back 119

Covalent & Ionic

Front 120

What's being produced during Mitosis?

Back 120

2 identical haploid cells (2N)

Front 121

Superficial

Back 121

surface

Front 122

What are mammary glands?

Back 122

These are modified sweat glands located in the breasts that, under the control of hormones, produce milk.

Front 123

Covelant Bond

Back 123

Strong bond - Two atoms share the outermost electrons thus filling the valence.
Non Polar - Shared equally
Polar - Shared unequally, causes partial positive and partial negative charge

Front 124

What's being produced during Meiosis?

Back 124

4 haploid cells (N)

Front 125

Deep

Back 125

deep

Front 126

What are nails?

Back 126

These are plates of tightly packed, hard, keratinized cells that lie over epidermis of the dorsal, distal portion of digits. Nails grow from the base and do not have a resting period, grows 1mm/week

Front 127

Ionic Bond

Back 127

Weak bond – electrons are given away or taken. In the formation of an ionic bond:
One atom (the electron donor) loses one or more electrons and becomes a cation, with a positive (+) charge.
o Another atom (the electron acceptor) gains those same electrons and becomes an anion, with a negative (-) charge.

Front 128

What's the shape of DNA?

Back 128

Two polynucleotide chains associated as double helix

Front 129

Dorsal

Back 129

back

Front 130

What is the laluna?

Back 130

a thickened area of the nail that covers the matrix, the mitotically active and is white due to thickened stratum basale

Front 131

Ion

Back 131

atoms, molecules that carry an electric charge, either + or --
Protons – value of charge, +1
Electrons – value of charge, -1
# of protons = # of electrons, an atom is electrically neutral

Front 132

How does DNA Replicate?

Back 132

Semi-conservation Replication- process by which a double helix gives rise to two double helices, each with an old strand and a newly synthesized strand, each strand serves as template for new strand.

Front 133

Ventral

Back 133

front

Front 134

What is the eponychium?

Back 134

the cuticle

Front 135

Organic Compound

Back 135

No Carbon or Hydrogen in the primary structure. 4 Major in the body: Carbon Dioxide, Oxygen, Water, Acids/bases/salts

Front 136

What is a Leading Strand?

Back 136

strand of DNA that is synthesized continuously growing toward r.fork

Front 137

Sagittal Plane

Back 137

divides left and right

Front 138

What is hair composed of?

Back 138

A hair is composed of columns of dead keratinized epithelial. cells

Front 139

Carbon Dioxide

Back 139

by-product of cell metabolism

Front 140

What is a Lagging Strand?

Back 140

strand of DNA that is synthesized as a series of short fragments growing away from r.fork

Front 141

Transverse Plane

Back 141

divides top and bottom (horizontal)

Front 142

What does the arrector pilli muscle do?

Back 142

a smooth muscle that will lift the hair when it contracts, and causing “goose bumps” in humans.

Front 143

Oxygen

Back 143

gas required for metabolic function

Front 144

What are the steps to protein synthesis?

Back 144

Transcription and Translation

Front 145

Frontal Plane

Back 145

divides front and back (coronal)

Front 146

What is lanugo?

Back 146

By the 5th month of fetal development, the fetus’ body is covered by un-pigmented hair

Front 147

Water

Back 147

70% of total body weight, 85% in brain cells, 20% in bones

Front 148

How does DNA Replicate?

Back 148

See page 12 of notes for explanation.

Front 149

Midsagittal plane

Back 149

divides EQUALLY between right and left

Front 150

What is the function of hair?

Back 150

protection, decrease in friction (in pubic region during sexual intercourse) and odor retention associated with sexual arousal.

Front 151

Hydrophilic

Back 151

water loving

Front 152

Describe Transcription.

Back 152

See page 12 of notes for explanation.

Front 153

Two Major Body Cavities

Back 153

dorsal and ventral

Front 154

Describe superficial wound healing.

Back 154

An epidermal wound is like an abrasion. The central portion of the wound usually extends to the dermis whereas the edges experiences only slight injury to the epidermis. The healthy epidermal cells that are adjacent to the scrape will enlarge and migrate to the center of the wound. They will stop, due to CONTACT INHIBITION and proliferate

Front 155

Hydrophobic

Back 155

water fearing

Front 156

Describe Translation.

Back 156

See page 12-13 of notes for explanation.

Front 157

Dorsal Cavity

Back 157

along back, includes cranial and vertebral cavities

Front 158

How does the skin regular body temp?

Back 158

One of the functions of the skin is to help maintain the homeostasis of the body temperature at 37 C. If the environment’s temperature is high, heat receptors in the skin will send impulses to the brain.
The brain then sends impulses to the sweat glands to produce perspiration. As this fluid evaporates from the surface of the skin, the skin is cooled off and returns to normal. Also, more blood will be circulated to the skin and will release heat to the outside of the body.

Front 159

Cohesion

Back 159

when water molecules stick to each other

Front 160

Where does replication, transcription and translation occur?

Back 160

replication & transcription: nucleus
translation: cytoplasm

Front 161

Ventral Cavity

Back 161

in front, separated by the diaphragm into thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

Front 162

What is a burn?

Back 162

tissue damage due to heat, electricity, radioactivity or strong chemicals that denature proteins in the exposed cells. Generally, the systemic effects of a burn are greater than the local effects.

Front 163

Adhesion

Back 163

ability to stick to many other kinds of substances

Front 164

Describe codons as they relate to translation

Back 164

See page 12-13 of notes for explanation.

Front 165

Cranial cavity

Back 165

formed by cranial bones and contains the brain

Front 166

What is a first degree burn?

Back 166

involves only the surface epidermis. Mild pain and redness, no blisters. Typical sunburn.

Front 167

Capillary Action

Back 167

the tendency of water to move in narrow tubes, even against the force of gravity ex) blood

Front 168

Define Mutation.

Back 168

any changes in DNA; either rearrangement of genes, change in nucleotide pairing, or chromosomal change

Front 169

Vertebral Cavity

Back 169

formed by the vertebral column (backbone) and contains the spinal cord

Front 170

What is a second degree burn?

Back 170

destroys all of the epidermis and may destroy some of the papillary region of the dermis. Redness, blisters, edema and pain. No injury to accessory skin structures.

Front 171

Surface Tension

Back 171

phenomenon at the surface of a liquid caused by intermolecular forces ex) dew

Front 172

What are microvilli?

Back 172

minute projections of the plasma membrane that increase surface area; concerned with absorption and secretion; intestine, kidneys

Front 173

Thoracic cavity

Back 173

chest cavity; contains plueral, pericardial cavities, mediastinum

Front 174

What is a third degree burn?

Back 174

destroys epidermis, dermis and epidermal derivatives. Skin functions are lost. Person usually dies if burn exceeds over 70% of body.

Front 175

Difference between potential and kinetic energy?

Back 175

Potential: resting energy
Kinetic: energy of motion

Front 176

What does the Light Microscope look at?

Back 176

uses light, living specimen

Front 177

Abdominopelvic cavity

Back 177

subdived into abdominal and pelvic cavities

Front 178

What is a skin graft?

Back 178

If the germinal portion of the epidermis is destroyed on a large area of the body, a skin graft may be necessary. This involves the transplantation of a segment of skin from a donor to a recipient.

Front 179

Define heat.

Back 179

total amount of kinetic energy

Front 180

What does the Electron Microscope look at?

Back 180

uses electrons; dead cells, ultrastructures of cells

Front 181

Pleural cavity

Back 181

each surrounds a lung; the sereous membrane of the pleural cavity is the pleura

Front 182

What is an autograft?

Back 182

o If the donor and recipient is the same person

Front 183

Define temperature.

Back 183

a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles

Front 184

What is a free radical?

Back 184

an electrically charged atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron in itgs outermost shell

Front 185

Pericardial cavity

Back 185

surrounds the heart; the sereous membrane of the pericardial cavity is the pericardium

Front 186

What is a isograft?

Back 186

If the donor is an identical twin to the recipient,

Front 187

Define heat of vaporization.

Back 187

the amount of heat energy required to change 1 g of a substance from the liquid phase to the vapor phase

Front 188

Vitamins A, C, E

Back 188

A-vision
C-immune
E-cell membrane integrity

Front 189

Mediastinum

Back 189

is a broad, median partition between the lungs that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column, it contains all contents of the thoracic cavity except the lungs.

Front 190

Whats the major cause of death in burn victims?

Back 190

infection

Front 191

What is a calorie?

Back 191

amount of heat energy (4.184 j) required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water 1 degree c.

Front 192

What is apoptosis?

Back 192

programmed cell death

Front 193

What's included in the mediastinum?

Back 193

heart and great vessels, esophagus, trachea, thymus

Front 194

Define Basal cell carcinoma.

Back 194

Accounts for 75% of all skin cancers. Tumors arise from s. basale of epidermis. Usually slow metastasis.

Front 195

Define specific heat.

Back 195

the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of water. Spec. Heat of H2O is 1 cal/g of water per degree Celsius.

Front 196

What is necrosis?

Back 196

uncontrollable cell death

Front 197

Abdominal cavity

Back 197

stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, most of large intestine; serious membrane is called the peritoneum

Front 198

Describe Squamous cell carinoma.

Back 198

Arise from s. spinosum. Usually slow metastasis

Front 199

What are acids, bases and salts?

Back 199

compounds held together partially or completely by ionic bonds

Front 200

What is caspases?

Back 200

enzymes that catalyze apoptosis by cutting up vital compounds in the cell.

Front 201

Pelvic cavity

Back 201

bladder, portions of the large intestine, reproduction

Front 202

Describe malignant melanoma.

Back 202

life threatening cancer arising from melanocytes, many times found within a preexisting mole. Metastasize rapidly. Watch areas that change in pigment, size and irregular borders.

Front 203

Define ionize.

Back 203

is the potential of water to dissociate into hydrogen ions (H+) and Hydroxide ions (OH-)

Front 204

What is the job of Mitosis

Back 204

growth and repair

Front 205

Diaphragm

Back 205

dome-shaped muscles that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity

Front 206

What is a decubitus bedsore?

Back 206

pressure sore, caused by prolonged deficiency of blood to tissues overlying a bony projection. The deficiency results in a breakdown of the skin cracking, infection and deep damage. Seen in patients that are bedridden for a long time, usually on buttocks, sacrum and heels. Turning is necessary.

Front 207

Define acid.

Back 207

a substance that dissociates in solution to yield hydrogen ions (H+) and an anion. (proton donor)

Front 208

Describe Interphase.

Back 208

carries all life process except division, double of DNA centrosome
G1, G0, S, G2

Front 209

Parietal membrane

Back 209

covers the wall of a cavity

Front 210

What is psoriasis?

Back 210

chronic skin condition in which the skin cells divide 7x more frequently than normal. This leads to excessive cell accumulation, seen as scaly reddened patches on skin surface

Front 211

Define base.

Back 211

commonly a substance that dissociates to yield a hydroxide ion (OH-) and a cation when dissolved in water. (proton acceptor)

Front 212

Describe G1 of Mitosis

Back 212

longest phase, cytoplasmic increases, growth and normal metabolism, synthesis of proteins and organelles

Front 213

Visceral membrane

Back 213

covers an internal organ

Front 214

What is vitilago?

Back 214

the development of patches of white skin due to abnormal or lack of melanocytes in that area. May be an autoimmune response.

Front 215

Define electrolytes.

Back 215

ions that conduct electrical current (Na, K, Mg)

Front 216

Describe G0 phase of mitosis.

Back 216

is when the cells that are not dividing usually become arrested in this part of the cell cycle (simply a state of being)

Front 217

Upper Right Quadrant

Back 217

liver, gallbladder, r. kidney

Front 218

What is pH, it's range, and how do you distinguish an acid from a base?

Back 218

pH - the degree of a solution’s acidity on a scale from 0 to 14
(pH=7), acidic (pH= 1-7), basic (pH= 7-14)

Front 219

Describe S phase of mitosis.

Back 219

DNA replicates and histone is synthesized, as the cell makes duplicate copies of its chromosomes

Front 220

Upper Left Quadrant

Back 220

stomach, spleen, l. kidney

Front 221

What are buffers?

Back 221

a substance or combo of substances that resists changes in pH when an acid/base is added. A common buffer is citric acid.

Front 222

Describe G2 phase of mitosis.

Back 222

cytoplasmic growth; increased protein synthesis occurs and the final steps in the cell’s preparation for division take place

Front 223

Lower Right Quadrant

Back 223

appendix, cecum, r. ovary

Front 224

What happens when a strong acid and a strong base come in contact?

Back 224

strong acid + strong base = salt + water)

Front 225

Describe Early Prophase.

Back 225

nuclear envelope begins to disappear. Nucleolus disappears. Long fibers of chromatin become evident and begin to condense as visible chromosomes

Front 226

Lower Left Quadrant

Back 226

sigmoid colon, l. ovary

Front 227

What are organic compounds and give examples.

Back 227

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.

Front 228

Describe Late Prophase.

Back 228

chromosomes continue to shorten and thicken. Spindle forms between centrioles, which have to move to the poles of the cell. Kinetochores begin attaching to microtubules from chromosomes

Front 229

Nine regions of the body (abdomen)

Back 229

In Order from Top to Bottom:
R/L - hypochondriac, lumbar, iliac
Epigastric, umbilical, hypogastric

Front 230

Functions of carbohydrates?

Back 230

source of energy (metabolic processes)

Front 231

Describe Metaphase.

Back 231

spindle fibers attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes, which line up along the cell’s midplane

Front 232

Define starch.

Back 232

typical form of carb used for energy storage in plants

Front 233

Describe Anaphase.

Back 233

Cleavage furrow appears, sister chromatids separate at centromeres and move toward opposite poles. Unpaired spindle fibers attach to one other and help push the poles/chromosomes apart

Front 234

Define cellular respiration

Back 234

its what cells do to break up sugars into a form that the cell can use as energy.

Front 235

Describe Telophase.

Back 235

begins as soon as chromatid movement stops; the identical sets of chromosomes at opposite poles of the cell uncoil and revert to their threadlike chromatin form, microtubules disappear or change form, a new nuclear envelope forms, new nucleoli appear, and the new mitotic spindle eventually breaks up.

Front 236

Why is glucose so important?

Back 236

It’s the starting material in cellular respiration.

Front 237

Describe Cytokinesis.

Back 237

the division of a parent cell’s cytoplasm and organelles at the end of telophase. The process begins in late anaphase or early telophase with the formation of a cleavage furrow

Front 238

Describe cellular respiration.

Back 238

see notes pg. 6

Front 239

What is chromosome number?

Back 239

Human somatic cells contain 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs of chromosomes

Front 240

Functions of lipids?

Back 240

structure, protection, energy reserves

Front 241

What is a diploid cell?

Back 241

A cell with a full set of chromosomes (2N)

Front 242

Describe granulocyte.

Back 242

category of WBC characterized by the presence of granules in their cytoplasm, 3 lobed. Types: Neutrophil,
Eosinophil, Basophil

Front 243

Classes of Lipids?

Back 243

Fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, carotenoids, steroid lipids, prostaglandins

Front 244

What is a haploid cell?

Back 244

A cell with only one chromosome from each pair (N)

Front 245

Describe agranulocyte.

Back 245

category of WBC characterized by the absence of granules in their cytoplasm, round. Types: Lymphocytes,
Monocytes

Front 246

Define lipid.

Back 246

water insoluble; soluble in ether & chloroform; fats (solid), oils (liquid) waxes (hard solid); consisting mainly of C and H)

Front 247

Describe Mitosis on a scale of 12 hours

Back 247

interphase would be 11.5 hours (G1 would be 5 hours, G0 would be seconds, S would be 4.5, G2 would be 2 hours) and M phase would be 30 minutes!

Front 248

Define Biopsy.

Back 248

the process of removing tissue samples from patients surgically or with a needle for diagnostic purposes

Front 249

Who types of fatty acids?

Back 249

Saturated - contain the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms; Unsaturated - not fully saturated with Hyd.

Front 250

Describe Interphase in Meiosis.

Back 250

interphase preceding meiosis; DNA replicates.

Front 251

Define Autopsy.

Back 251

examination of the organs of a dead body to determine the cause of death or to study the changes caused by a disease.

Front 252

Define triglycerides.

Back 252

the main storage form of fat in organisms, consists of a molecule of glycerol combined with three fatty acids; Type: glyercol

Front 253

Describe Prophase 1 in Meiosis.

Back 253

Synapsis of homologous chromosomes to form tetrads; nuclear envelope breaks down

Front 254

Define phospholipids.

Back 254

structural components of cell membranes.

Front 255

Describe Metaphase 1 in Meiosis.

Back 255

tetrads line up on cell’s midplane. Tetrads held together at chiasmata (sites of prior crossing-over)

Front 256

Describe Mesoderm.

Back 256

middle layer, forms tissues such as muscle, bone, and blood vessels

Front 257

Define caroteniods.

Back 257

orange and yellow plant pigments which are insoluble in water and have an oily consistency. Note: most animals convert carotenoids to vitamin A, which can then be converted to retinal, visual pigment.

Front 258

Describe Anaphase 1 in Meiosis.

Back 258

Homologous chromosomes (not chromatids!) move to opposite poles, cleavage furrow appears.

Front 259

Describe Ectoderm.

Back 259

outer layer, forms the skin, and a portion of the ectoderm, called neuroectoderm, becomes the nervous system

Front 260

Define steriod lipids.

Back 260

Cholesterol, bile salts, and certain hormones are important steroids.

Front 261

Describe Telophase 1 in Meiosis.

Back 261

one of each pair of homologous chromosomes is at each pole. Cytokinesis occurs.

Front 262

Describe Labile Cells.

Back 262

cells divide throughout life and can undergo regeneration

Front 263

Define prostoglandins.

Back 263

lipids that promote inflammation and smooth muscle contraction

Front 264

Describe Prophase 2 in Meiosis.

Back 264

Chromosomes condense again following a brief period of interkinesis; DNA does not replicate again

Front 265

Describe Stable Cells.

Back 265

cells do not ordinarily divide after growth is complete but can regenerate if necessary.

Front 266

Functions of protiens?

Back 266

structural support, movement, transport, buffering, metabolic regulation, coordination, defense

Front 267

Describe Metaphase 2 in Meiosis.

Back 267

Chromosomes line up along cell's midplane.

Front 268

Describe Permanent Cells.

Back 268

cells cannot replicate. If killed, permanent tissue is repaired by replacement.

Front 269

What are Enzymes?

Back 269

catalysts that speeds up reactions by lowering the activation energy required.

Front 270

Describe Anaphase 2 in Meiosis.

Back 270

Sister chromatids (not identical, just share a centromere) separate, and chromosomes move to opposite poles, cleavage furrow appears.

Front 271

Define Tissue

Back 271

a group of cells that usually have a common embryological origin and function together to carry out a specific function. There will be communication between these cells that allows them to function as a unit.

Front 272

Difference between essential and non essential amino acids?

Back 272

essential = get from diet
non-essential = supplied

Front 273

Describe Telophase 2 in Meiosis.

Back 273

Nuclei formed at opposite poles of each cell. Cytokinesis occurs.

Front 274

What are Neural Crest Cells?

Back 274

group of cells that break away from the neuroectoderm during development which give rise to parts of the peripheral nerves, skin pigment, medulla of the adrenal gland, and many tissues of the face.

Front 275

What is a peptide bond?

Back 275

the covalent carbon-to-nitrogen bond linking two amino acids toghether

Front 276

Describe are cancer cells?

Back 276

They can divide without receiving a signal from a growth factor. This makes it very difficult for the body to stop cancer cells from dividing and spreading

Front 277

Describe epithelial tissue.

Back 277

covers surfaces, lines inside of organs and body cavities and forms glands. Epithelial cells are found above a basement membrane

Front 278

What is a polypeptide?

Back 278

a chain a amino acids

Front 279

What is a benign tumor?

Back 279

mass of essentially normal cells, can be removed by surgery

Front 280

Describe connective tissue.

Back 280

protects and supports body, binds organs together, provides immunity.

Front 281

Define Nucleic Acid.

Back 281

they transmit heredity information and determine what proteins a cell manufactures

Front 282

What is a malignant tumor?

Back 282

mass of cancerous cells, some of which may break free and travel to other sites in the body

Front 283

Describe Muscle tissue.

Back 283

movement and generation of heat

Front 284

Two types of nucleic Acids?

Back 284

DNA
RNA

Front 285

Define metastasis.

Back 285

spread of cancer cells from their original site

Front 286

Describe Nervous tissue.

Back 286

initiate and transmits impulses (action potentials) that control and coordinate the functioning of the body

Front 287

Describe DNA

Back 287

comprises the genes, the heredity material of the cell, and contains instructions for making all the proteins, double stranded

Front 288

What is a carcinoma?

Back 288

cancer of the skin or intestinal lining

Front 289

What are the general characteristics of Epithelial Tissue?

Back 289

Apical surface (free) and a basal surface (connected to a basement membrane);
Arranged close together in the tissue
Arranged in sheets that are either single or layered to form the tissue
Many gap junctions occur
Avascular tissue (no blood vessels); cells rely on diffusion of O2 and nutrients from nearby vessels
Has a nerve supply
High rate of mitosis due to location causing wear and tear

Front 290

Describe RNA

Back 290

function mainly in protein synthesis, transfers genetic code out to the ribosome

Front 291

What is a sarcoma?

Back 291

cancer of the bone or muscle

Front 292

Describe endocrine glands.

Back 292

secretions (hormones) do not go through a duct; ex) pituitary, adrenal gland

Front 293

What is a nucleotide?

Back 293

molecule consisting o one or more phosphate groups, 5 carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) and a nitrogenous base (purine or pyrimidine)

Front 294

What is leukemia/lymphoma?

Back 294

cancer of the bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes

Front 295

Describe excorine glands.

Back 295

glands in which the secretions that are produced flow onto through a tube-like passageway (duct) to get to the surface; ex) mucus, digestive glands

Front 296

What are the pyrimidine bases?

Back 296

CTU

Front 297

What does DNA consist of?

Back 297

Regular polymer of nucleotides (A,G,C,T); Backbones

Front 298

What are the characteristics of connective tissue?

Back 298

cells are scattered, not located on surfaces; has a nerve supply (exception: cartilage); Highly vascularized (exceptions: cartilage and tendons); connective tissue is derived from embryonic tissue called mesenchyme

Front 299

What are the purine bases?

Back 299

AG

Front 300

What four elements is DNA composed of?

Back 300

H, O, C, P

Front 301

Define epithelial membrane

Back 301

Epithelial Membrane - A membrane is a thin sheet of tissue that covers a structure or lines a cavity. Most membranes are composed from epithelium and connective tissue under it. The skin is the external membrane of the body. Types are: Serious, Mucous, Synovial.

Front 302

What is a template strand?

Back 302

single strand of DNA 5’ -> 3’ or 3’ -> 5’

Front 303

Describe characteristics of Nervous tissue.

Back 303

Neurons carry impulses from one place to another, offering coordination to the body. includes: nucleus, cellular organelles, dendrites, axons, axon branches
Neuroglia (glial) - more abundant than the neurons and don’t carry impulses

Front 304

What is a purine?

Back 304

adenine and guanine; components of nucleic acids

Front 305

Describe characteristics of muscular tissue.

Back 305

Skeletal Muscle - This tissue is under voluntary control, containing multinucleated cells that have striations in the cytoplasm.
Cardiac Muscle - This type of muscle is found only in the walls of the heart. It is involuntary and functions in the flow of blood through the heart chambers. It contains areas where the membranes of 2 cardiac cells overlap each other, called intercalated discs. These appear as dark perpendicular lines. Lying parallel to the discs are lighter lines called the striations. These cells are uninuclear – 1 nucleus per cell.
Smooth Muscle - This is involuntary muscle found in the walls of the viscera. The cells do not have any striations in the cytoplasm (hence the label “smooth”), are uninuclear and are spindle shape. They tend to exist in sheets.

Front 306

What is a pyrimidine?

Back 306

thymine, cytosine, and uracil; components of nucleic acids

Front 307

What is inflammation?

Back 307

response is to isolate injurious agents from the rest of the body and to attack and destroy the injurious agent.

Front 308

What is a phosphodiester linkage?

Back 308

covalent linkage between two nucleotides in a strand of DNA/RNA

Front 309

What 5 symptoms does inflammation produce?

Back 309

redness, heat, swelling, pain, and disturbance of function

Front 310

What are chargaff's rules?

Back 310

base paring A-T (2 hydro bonds)
base pairing G-C (3 hydro bonds)

Front 311

Describe the three stages of inflammation.

Back 311

1) inflammatory (72 hours)- Bleeding and swelling make the area red, hot and painful 2) proliferation (48-6wks) Repair and regeneration depend on three major factors: elimination of debris, the regeneration of endothelial cells, and the production of fibroblasts, which compose connective tissue throughout the body and form the basis of scar tissue. 3) maturation (3wks-9mon)The protein fibers of the scar orient themselves in the direction in which pressure is applied. The protein matures and the number of cells in the tissue decreases. It may take several months for the scar to fully mature and achieve its full strength.

Front 312

Define semi-conservative replication.

Back 312

process by which a double helix gives rise to two double helices, each with an old strand and a newly synthesized strand, each strand serves as template for new strand

Front 313

Describe Primary healing vs. secondary healing.

Back 313

Primary healing: healing by first intention takes place in an injury that has even and closely opposed edges, such as a cut or incision. With this type of injury if the edges are held in very close approximation, a minimum of granulation tissue is produced.
Secondary healing: healing by secondary intention, results when there is a gaping lesion and large tissue loss, leading to replacement by scar tissue. External wounds such as lacerations commonly heal by secondary intention.

Front 314

What is DNA Helicase?

Back 314

opens up DNA molecule, double helix unwinds, strands replicate at replication fork

Front 315

What is topoisomerase?

Back 315

prevents tangling and knotting.

Front 316

What is DNA polymerase?

Back 316

the enzyme that synthesizes the new DNA by adding nucleotides matched to the template strand.

Front 317

What are Okazaki fragments?

Back 317

segment of DNA, 100 to 1000 nucleotides long that must be joined by DNA ligase to form that lagging strand in DNA replication

Front 318

What is DNA Primase?

Back 318

synthesizes short RNA primers on the lagging strand.

Front 319

What is DNA Ligase?

Back 319

enzyme that catalyzes the joining of the 5’ and 3’ ends of two DNA fragments.

Front 320

What is a telomere?

Back 320

region of repetitive nucleotide sequences at the end of a chromosome, which protects the end of the chromosome from deterioration or from fusion with neighboring chromosomes.

Front 321

What is telomerase?

Back 321

enzyme that maintains telomere length and possibly to resist apoptosis

Front 322

What is DNA mutations?

Back 322

any changes in DNA

Front 323

Define protein synthesis.

Back 323

the process that describes how proteins are made from DNA. Steps include: transcription, RNA processing, and translation

Front 324

What role does RNA play in protein production?

Back 324

the copier/processor of DNA

Front 325

Define Transcription.

Back 325

process in which DNA molecules are used as a template to create RNA

Front 326

What happens in transcription?

Back 326

A RNA polymerase makes a copy of the DNA sequence into (mRNA). It replaces T with U (Uracil), a helper base, making it clear that the mRNA is a copy. The bases (A, T, G, C) on one strand of the DNA specify the order of bases on the new strand of mRNA (A, U, G, C). The DNA stays inside the nucleus, but the mRNA travels out into the cytoplasm.

Front 327

Define Translation.

Back 327

Process where ribosomes in the cytoplasm read the mRN strand and link amino acids together to form a protein. Happens in three stages: Initiation, Elongation, Termination

Front 328

What happens in Initiation during Translation?

Back 328

ribosome reads a group of three nucleotides at a time, or triplets (called a codon).Looks for the start codon, AUG, and there it beings to build the amino acid chain.

Front 329

What happens in Elongation during Translation?

Back 329

the amino acids are transferred to the ribosome by tRNA using anticodons; is temporarily binded it into place; continues down the mRNA strand (5’3’ direction), the first tRNA falls off, leaving it is amino acid behind growing a long polypeptide chain.

Front 330

What happens in Termination during Translation?

Back 330

When the ribosome reads one of three stop codons (UAA, UAG, & UGA). This indicates the end of the gene. The last tRNA falls of the ribosome and the ribosome falls of the mRNA strand