Lecture Exam 2 A&p

Front 1

PROCESS BY DNA ENCODES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF AMINO ACIDS AN PROTEINS.

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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Front 2

Before the synthesis of a protein begins, the corresponding RNA molecule is produced this is called?

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Transcription

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The ribosome binds to the mRNA at the start codon is called?

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Translation

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A SEQUENCE OF 3 DNA NUCLEOTIDES THAT STAND FOR 1 AMINO ACID IS CALLED

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BASE TRIPLET

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THE MIRROR IMAGE SEQUENCE IN mRNA

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CODON

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Where does most protein synthesis occur

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cytoplasm

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Process of copying genetic instructions from DNA to RNA?

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transcription

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RNA produced by transcription

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pre-mRNA

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Converts language of nucleotides into language of amino acid?

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translation

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who does translation

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ribosomes

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1 mRNA holding 10-20 ribosomes together in a cluster?

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polyribosome

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cell cycle

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G1, S, G2, & M

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Synth protein, grows, carries out its task for the body?
1st gap phase
last 8-10 hours

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G1 phase

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Synthesis phase,
cell makes a duplicate copy of its centrioles, and all of its DNA?
6-8 hours

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S phase

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Cell finishes replicating its centrioles and synthesizes enzymes that control cell division?
4-6 hours

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G2 phase

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mitoic phase, in which a cell replicates its nucleus and the pinches in 2 to form 2 new daughter cell
1-2 hours

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M phase

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G1, S, G2 are called

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INTERPHASE

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4 phases of mitosis

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prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telephase

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At this stage a chromosome consists of 2 genetically identical bodies called CHROMATIDS joined together at the pinched spot called CENTROME?

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prophase

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how many chromosomes

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46 pairs

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how many chromatid per chromosome

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2

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how many molecules of DNA in each chromatid

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1

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Chromosomes are aligned on the cell equator an is waiting a signal that stimulates each of them to split in two at the centromere?

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metaphase

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Each chromatid is now a single stranded daughter cell?

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anaphase

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telophase

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last phase

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Division of the cytoplasm into cells?

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cytokinesis

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2 physically identical chromosomes one maternal in origin the other paternal?

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homologous chromosomes

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The gene that a person posses for particular trait?

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genotype

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detectable trait such as eye color or blood type

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phenotype

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a gene that is not phenotypically expressed in the presence of a dominant gene

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recessive gene

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a gene that is phenotypically expressed even in the presence of any other gene

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dominant gene

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identical allleles for a given gene

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homozygus

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2 different alleles for a given gene

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heterozygous

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inheritance of a gene on the X or Y chromosome, so that the associated phenotype is expressed more in one sex than the other

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sex linkage

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mutated "misbehaving" forms of normal genes

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oncogenes

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2 copies of each chromosome

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diploid

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used in sexual reproduction
is exactly 1/2 a a species

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haploid

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carbohydrates & fats

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burned as fuel

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3 major pathways of glucose catabolism

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glycolysis, anaerobic fermention, aerobic respiratin

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splits a glucose molecule into two molecules of pyruvic acid

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glycolysis

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occurs in the absence of oxygen and reduces pyruvic acid to lactic acid

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anaerobic fermentation

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occurs in the presence of oxygen and oxidizes pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide and water

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aerobic respiration

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What are these: flavin monoonucleotide, Iron-sulfur, Coenzyme, Copper ions, cytochrome

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members of the transport chain (5)

Hint 43

train

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A group of similar cells and cell products that arise from the same region of the embryo and work together to perform a specific structural or physiological role in an organ?

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tissue

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4 types of tissue

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epithelial
connective
nervous
muscular

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primary germ layers

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ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

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ectoderm (2)

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nervous
epithelial

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mesoderm (3)

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muscle
connective
epithelial

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endoderm (1)

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epithelial

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What tissue composed of layers of closely spaced cells that cover organ surfaces, form glands, and serve for protection, secretion, and absorption

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epithelial

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where is epithelial located

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epidermis
inner lining digestive tract
liver and other glands

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more matrix than cell volume, often specialized to support, bind together, and protect organs

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connective

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Where is connective tissue found?

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tendons and ligaments
cartilage and bone
blood

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excitable cells specialized for rapid transmission of coded information to other cells

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nervous tissue

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Where is nervous tissue located?

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brain
spinal cord
nerves

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composed of elongated excitable cells specialized for contraction

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muscular tissue

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Where is muscular tissue?

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skeletal muscle
heart (cardiac muscle)
walls of viscera ( smooth muscle)

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thin collagen fibers coated with glycoprotein, form spongelike frame work for such organs as the spleen and lymph nodes

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reticular fibers

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cutaneous membrane

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the skin

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lines passage ways that open to the exterior environment

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mucus membrane

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What is the integumentary system?

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the skin and its accessory organs, hair, nails, and cutaneous glands

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The name of the skin that covers the palms and soles?

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stratum corneum

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Carotene color?

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yellow pigment acquired from egg yolks and yellow and orange veggies

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Cyanosis color?

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blueness of the skin resulting from a deficiency of oxygen in the circulating blood.

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Erythema color?

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abnormal redness of the skin

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Pallor Color?

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a pale or ashen color

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albinism color?

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a genetic lack of melanin

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Jaundice color?

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is a yellow of the skin and whites of eyes from high bilirubin

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Bronzing?

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a golden-brown skin color that results from Addison disease

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hematoma?

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bruise, mass of clotted blood showing through the skin

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Glabrous skin?

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hairless skin

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fine, downy, un-pigmented hair, that appears on the fetus in the last 3 months of development

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lanugo

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Alopecia?

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thinning hair or baldness

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excessive or undesirable hairiness in areas that are not usually hair

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hirsutism

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sudoriferous glands

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sweat glands, cool the body

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diaphoresis?

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sweating with wetness of the skin

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sebaceous glands?

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oil glands associated with hair follicles

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Ceruminous glands?

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glands of the ear that produce earwax

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mammary glands?

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Milk-producing glands located in the breasts

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The subcutaneous layer, known as the hypodermis, consists of which 2 tissues?

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areolar & adipose

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Which type of cell junction is common in tissues that are subjected to friction and stretching?

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anchoring junctions

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3 classifications of loose connective tissue?

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adipose, areolar, reticular

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Which connective tissue form tendons and ligaments?

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Dense Regular

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Membrane covering the lungs?

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pleurae

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Membrane covering the heart?

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periardium

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Membrane covering the digestive organs, spleen, kidneys?

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peritoneum

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Membrane covering the bladder, rectum, reproductive organs?

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peritoneum

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The epidermis is composed of?

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stratified squamous epithelium

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During transcription, DNA cytosine pairs with?

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guanine

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Cytokiesis usually starts during late ____and finishes during___?

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anaphase, telephase

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Which layer contains living cells?

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stratum basale

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This layer is absent in the skin?

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stratum lucidum

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This layer is rich in stratified squamous epithelia:

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epidermis

Front 94

This structure produces "goose bumps":

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piloerector

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The oily secretion that prevents the skin from drying and cracking is:

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sebum

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The layer of the epidermis where one can find melanocytes is the

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stratum basale

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How thick is the dermis?

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0.2mm to 4mm

Front 98

Which layer of the skin is avascular?

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epidermis

Front 99

The epithelium of the nail bed is called:

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hyponychium

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Primitive connective tissue is termed

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mesenchyme

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These cells found in connective tissue produce histamine:

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mast cells

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This excitable tissue is characterized by having intercalated discs and striations:

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cardiac muscle

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This type of epithelium is often keratinized and has tight intercellular junctions:

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stratified squamous

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This type of epithelium is found in the alveoli of the lungs:

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simple squamous

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During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA replicated?

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S

Front 106

Chromatids migrate toward opposite poles of the cell during which phase?

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anaphase

Front 107

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell and the mitotic spindle is formed during

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metaphase.

Front 108

During which phase of mitosis does the spindle begin to form?

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prophase