Lecture Chp. 1: Intro To Anatomy And Physiology

Front 1

the study of the structure of an organism

Back 1

Anatomy

Front 2

the study of the functions of an organism

Back 2

Physiology

Front 3

the study of genes in an organism

Back 3

Genetics

Front 4

Three types of anatomy:

Back 4

1. Gross/macroscopic anatomy
2. Microscopic anatomy
3. Developmental anatomy

Front 5

the study of anatomical structures that can, when suitably presented or dissected, be seen by unaided vision with the naked eye

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Gross/ Macro Anatomy

Front 6

the study of minute anatomical structures on a microscopic scale. It includes histology (the study of tissues), and cytology (the study of cells).

Back 6

Microscopic Anatomy

Front 7

How an organism grows and changes from conception up through maturity

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Developmental

Front 8

What is a subset of developmental anatomy?

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Embryology

Front 9

In humans, 6 days to two months after fertilization

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embryology

Front 10

List the levels of body organization

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1. atom
2. molecule
3. cells
4. tissues
5. organ
6. organ system
7. organism

Front 11

made up of subatomic particles (protons, electrons, and neutrons)

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atom

*Ex: hydrogen atom, mercury atom

Front 12

made up of two or more atoms

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molecule

*Ex: Water, protein, nucleic acids

Front 13

simplest unit of life; made up of different molecules

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cells

Front 14

Different types of cells (tissues) INTERACTING to perform a specific function

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organ

Front 15

Different organs interacting to perform certain specific functions

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organ systems

*Ex: Digestive System

Front 16

A completely independent, living object

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organism

Front 17

The 6 important life processes in humans:

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1. Metabolism
2. Growth (cell/organism)
3. Movement
4. Responsiveness
5. Differentiation
6. Reproduction

Front 18

Breaking down and synthesizing. The combined chemical reactions in cells that use or release energy.

Back 18

Metabolism

Front 19

how an organism responds to external stimuli

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Responsiveness

Front 20

Cells divide and separate into special cell types

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Differentiation

*Ex: muscle cell, epithelial, etc.

Front 21

5 Requirements of an organism:

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1. water
2. food
3. oxygen
4. heat
5. pressure

Front 22

the most common chemical in an organism

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water

Front 23

What is water required for?

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- metabolic processes
- transport of substances
- maintaining body temperatures

Front 24

Required for:

-metabolic processes
- transport of substances
- maintaining body temperatures

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water

Front 25

What does food provide the body with?

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- necessary nutrients
- energy
- raw chemical material

Front 26

What percentage of the atmosphere is oxygen?

Back 26

1/5 of the atmosphere

Front 27

Needed to release energy from nutrients

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oxygen

Front 28

type of energy that partly controls our metabolic rate

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heat

Front 29

applying a force to an object

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pressure

Front 30

atmospheric pressure:

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keeps us breathing

Front 31

hydrostatic pressure:

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keeps our blood flowing

Front 32

what are the two hypes of pressure?

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1. atmospheric
2. hydrostatic

Front 33

Equillibrium in the body's internal environment due to regulatory processes

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homeostatis

Front 34

range of temps that your body is okay with

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homeostatic range

Front 35

Homeostasis is constantly being disrupted by:

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1. internal factors (blood sugar levels)
2. external factors (weather/sweat)

Front 36

What happens if there is a prolonged or intense disruption in homeostasis?

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you could become dizzy and have a hard time functioning, or even rupture an artery

Front 37

The endocrine and nervous system often work to restore _______.

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homeostasis

Front 38

A cycle of events in which the status of a body system is monitored, evaluated, and changed if need be

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feedback system

Front 39

3 components of a feedback system:

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1. Receptor
2. Control Center (Brain)
3. Effector

Front 40

Monitors changes in controlled conditions and sends input to the control center

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Receptor

Front 41

-Sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained
- Evaluates the input send and sends a response when needed

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Control Center

Front 42

Receives info from the control center and produces a response that affects the controlled condition

Back 42

Effector

Front 43

Reverses changes in a controlled condition

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Negative Feedback

*The effector receives information from the control center which stimulates it to return the controlled condition to normal values

Front 44

Increases the change in one of the body's controlled conditions

Back 44

Positive Feedback

Front 45

What is an example of positive feedback?

Back 45

Pregnant women releasing too much oxytocin

Front 46

Occurs when one or more components of the body loses the ability to control homeostasis

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homeostatic imbalance

Front 47

What is an example of a homeostatic imbalance?

Back 47

heart failure

Front 48

Abnormality of a function

Back 48

disorder

Front 49

specific term for an illness characterized by specific signs and symptoms

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disease

Front 50

Subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer (e.g., nausea)

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Symptoms

*Things your patient can tell you about, but are not measurable

Front 51

Subjective changes in body functions that are apparent to an observer

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Signs

*Can observe (e.g., body feels warm, measure temperature)

Front 52

Science that deals with why, when, and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted

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Epidemology

Front 53

The science that deals with the effects and the uses of drugs in the treatment of disease

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Pharmacology

Front 54

Pertaining to the head, neck, and trunk (contains major body cavities)

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Axial Portion

Front 55

upper and lower limbs

Back 55

Appendicular Portion

Front 56

3 body positions:

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1. Anatomical Position
2. Prone
3. Supine

Front 57

standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at sides, palms facing foward

Back 57

Standard Anatomical Position

Front 58

face down

Back 58

Prone

Front 59

Face up/Palms up

Back 59

Supine

Front 60

Above another part or towards the head

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Superior

*E.g., the nose is superior to the mouth

Front 61

Below another body part or toward the feet

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Inferior

*E.g., the nose is inferior to the eyes

Front 62

Toward the front

Back 62

Anterior or Ventral

*E.g., the nose is anterior (ventral) to the brain

Front 63

Toward the back

Back 63

Posterior or Dorsal

*E.g, the vertebral column is posterior/dorsal to the heart

Front 64

Closer to the midline than another body part

Back 64

Medial

*E.g, the nose is medial to the eyes

Front 65

Toward the size with respect to the midline

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Lateral

*E.g., the ears are lateral to the nose

Front 66

Close to the point of attachment of a limb, such as shoulder or hip

Back 66

Proximal

*E.g., the knee is proximal to the ankle

Front 67

Farther from the point of attachment of a lim, such as the shoulders or hip

Back 67

Distal

*E.g., fingers are distal to the wrist

Front 68

An imaginary line dividing the body into equal right and left halves

Back 68

Median or Midline

Front 69

Located on the SAME SIDE of the body

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Ipsilateral

*E.g., the stomach and spleen are ipsilateral

Front 70

Located on OPPOSITE SIDES of the body

Back 70

Contralateral

*E.g., the gallbladder and speen
*E.g., left lung and right lung

Front 71

Located near the surface

Back 71

Superficial

*E.g., the epidermis is the superficial layer of skin

Front 72

Located away from the surface in a more internal position

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Deep

*The dermis is the deep layer of skin

Front 73

Located outward, near the surface, and used to describe the locations of certain blood vessels and neurons

Back 73

Peripheral

Front 74

Cut which divides body into left and right

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Sagittal

Front 75

Cut which divides the body into EQUAL right and left halves at the median or midline

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Midsagittal Section

Front 76

Cut which divides the body into unequal right and left portions and is lateral to the midline (NOT EQUAL)

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Parasagittal Section

Front 77

Cut which divides the body into superior and inferior positions

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Transverse or Horizontal

Front 78

Cut which divides the body into anterior/ventral or posterior/dorsal positions

Back 78

Frontal or Coronal

Front 79

Cut across the short axis of a cylindrical organ

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Cross Section

Front 80

A cut an angle through a cylindrical organ

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Oblique Section

Front 81

A cut along the axis of a cylindrical organ

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Longitudinal Section

Front 82

List the regional names:

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-Head
-Neck
-Trunk
-Groin
-Upper limbs
-Lower limbs

Front 83

What is the point of attachment from interior trunk and limbs?

Back 83

Groin

Front 84

3 tissue layers which surround and protect the brain and spinal cord

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meninges

Front 85

brain

Back 85

cranial cavity

Front 86

spine

Back 86

vertebral cavity

Front 87

Consists of the posterior surface of the body, cranial cavity, vertebral cavity, and meninges

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Dorsal Body Cavity

Front 88

Consists of the Thoracic Cavity and Abdominopelvic Cavities

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Ventral Cavity

Front 89

Superior portion of the ventral cavity, divided into three smaller cavities

Back 89

Thoracic Cavity

Front 90

List the three subdivisions of the Thoracic Cavity

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1. Pericardial Cavity
2 & 3: 2 Pleural Cavities

Front 91

Houses the heart

Back 91

Pericardial Cavity

Front 92

Houses the lungs

Back 92

2 Pleural Cavities

Front 93

Portions of the trachea and thymus

Back 93

Mediastinum

Front 94

Extends from the diaphragm to the groin; is divided into two sections

Back 94

Abdominopelvic Cavity

*-Abdominal Cavity
-Pelvic Cavity

(with no real structure that separates them)

Front 95

Help lubricate, anchor, and isolate organs

(lines cavities and covers organs in cavities)

Back 95

Serous Membranes

Front 96

Lines cavity

Back 96

Parietal Layer

Front 97

Covers and organ

Back 97

Visceral Layer

Front 98

Serious membranes of the pleura cavities

Back 98

Pleura

Front 99

Serious membranes of the pericardial cavity

Back 99

Pericardium

Front 100

Serous membranes of the abdominal cavity

Back 100

Peritoneum

Front 101

Thoracic Membranes

Back 101

-Parietal Pleura
-Visceral Pleura
-Partietal Peritoneum
-Visceral Peritoneum

Front 102

Regions of Abdominal Area

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Right hypochondriac Epigastric Left hypochondriac
Right lumbar Umbillical Left lumbar
Right Illiac Hypogastric Left Illiac

Front 103

The Large Intestine is mainly in what abdominal region?

Back 103

Right Lumbar

Front 104

The Gallbladder is in what abdominal region?

Back 104

Right Hypochondriac

Front 105

The Spleen is located in what abdominal region?

Back 105

Left hypochondriac

Front 106

Composed of skin, hair, nails, and associated glands

-protects underlying tissues
-regulates body temperatures
-contrain sensory receptiors

Back 106

Integumentary System

Front 107

Composed of bones, ligaments, and cartilages

-structural framework
-protects soft tissues
-muscle attachments
-produces blood cells
-stores inorganic salts (calcium and phosphates)

Back 107

Skeletal System

Front 108

bone to bone

Back 108

ligaments

Front 109

bone to muscle

Back 109

tendon

Front 110

Composed of muscles and tendons

-causes movement of skeleton and some internal organs
-maintains posture
-produces body heat

Back 110

Muscular System

Front 111

Body systems control and adjust various organs in order to maintain homeostasis

Back 111

Nervous and Endocrine Systems

Front 112

Composed of brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory organs

-detects changes, receives and interprets sensory information
-Stimulates muscles and glands
-Sends signals
-Has a relatively short term effect on its target

Back 112

Nervous System

Front 113

an electrochemical nerve impulse which travels along nerves

Back 113

Signal

*Has a relatively SHORT TERM effect on its target

Front 114

Composed of glands which secrete hormones, such as the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, thymus, etc.

-controls metabolic activity of tissues and organs
-Signals are chemical messengers (hormones) which travel in blood or other fluids

Back 114

Endocrine System

*signals are long term effect compared to nervous system

Front 115

Both systems transport substances through the internal environment of the body

Back 115

Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Front 116

Composed of heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins

-moves blood through blood vessels by the pumping action of the heart
-transports substances through the body such as gases, nutrients, waste products, hormones, etc.

Back 116

Cariovascular system

Front 117

Composed of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen

-returns tissue fluid to the bloodstream
-carries certain absorbed food molecules (lipids)
-defense the body against infection (cancer cells)
-prevents adema

Back 117

Lymphatic System

Front 118

All three systems are involved in absorption and excretion

Back 118

Digestive, Respiratory, and Urinary Systems

Front 119

Composed of the mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small and large intestines

-receives, breaks down, and absorbs food
-eliminates unabsorbed material, such as feces

Back 119

Digestive System

Front 120

Composed of nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

-intake and output of air (inhale/exhale)
-exhange of gases between air and blood
-oxygen gas moves from lung sacs into blood for use in metabolic reactions
-co2 moves from blood into lung sacs for removal as a metabolic waste product

Back 120

Respiratory system

Front 121

Comprised of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

-filters the blood
-stores are releases waste in the form of urine

Back 121

Urinary System

Front 122

Male and female reproductive systems interact to produce _______, that is, a new human organism

Back 122

progeny

Front 123

Composed of the scrotum, testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bilbourethral glands, urethra, and penis

-produce and maintain sperm cells
-transfer spern cells into the female reproductive tract

Back 123

Male Reproductive System

Front 124

Composed of ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, and vulva

-produce and maintain egg cells (ova)
-receive sperm cells
-support development of an embryo
-function in the birth process

Back 124

Female Reproductive Tracts

Front 125

The heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus are contained within the _____?

Back 125

Mediastinum

Front 126

separates the thorax into two compartments that contain the right and left lungs

Back 126

Mediastinum

Front 127

cavity that includes the stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, and the small and large intestines

Back 127

Abdominal cavity

Front 128

cavity that contains the terminal end of the large intestine, the urinary bladder, and the internal reproductive organs

Back 128

Pelvic Cavity