Lecture 6

Front 1

Convergence

Back 1

Different species adapting similarly to an environmental challenge.

Front 2

Interstitial Fluid

Back 2

Fluid between cells that aids in the movement of materials

Front 3

Epithelial Tissue

Back 3

• Cuboidal, Columnar, or squamous
• Stratified, Simple, or pseudostratified

Front 4

Connective Tissue

Back 4

• Collagen, Elastic, Reticular
• Fibroblasts, Macrophages

Front 5

Muscle Tissue

Back 5

• Smooth, Skeletal, Cardiac
• Contain myosin

Front 6

Nervous Tissue

Back 6

• Neurons and glial cells

Front 7

Regulator

Back 7

Uses internal mechanisms to moderate internal changes in the face of external, environmental fluctuation

Front 8

Conformer

Back 8

Allow internal conditions to vary with external changes

Front 9

Set Point

Back 9

The baseline to measure changes in a certain condition of the body like temp or pH

Front 10

Acclimatization

Back 10

Homeostasis adjusting to changes in external environment

Front 11

Thermoregulation

Back 11

Process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range

Front 12

5 Adaptations that help animals thermoregulate

Back 12

1. Insulation
2. Circulatory adaptations
3. Cooling by evaporative heat loss
4. Behavioral responses
5. Adjusting metabolic heat losses

Front 13

Countercurrent exchange

Back 13

Heat exchanges between opposite flowing fluid vessels

Front 14

Bioenergetics

Back 14

• Overall flow and transformation of energy in animals
• Determines how much food an animal needs

Front 15

Torpor

Back 15

Physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism slows

Front 16

Essential Amino Acids

Back 16

AAs that must be obtained from the diet

Front 17

Essential Fatty Acids

Back 17

Needed unsaturated from the diet

Front 18

Vitamins

Back 18

• Are typically cofactors for enzymes
• Can be water-soluble or fat-soluble

Front 19

Minerals

Back 19

Needed nutrients that typically have a charge

Front 20

Beriberi

Back 20

• Thiamine deficiency
• Characterized by cardiovascular or nervous system problems

Front 21

Enzymatic hydrolysis

Back 21

The chemical process used to break down nutrients

Front 22

Suspension feeders

Back 22

Sift small food particles from the water

Front 23

Substrate feeders

Back 23

Animals that liv in or on their food source

Front 24

Fluid feeders

Back 24

Suck nutrient-rich fluid from a host

Front 25

Bulk feeders

Back 25

Eat relatively large pieces of food

Front 26

Intracellular digestion

Back 26

Food particles are engulfed via endocytosis and digested in vacuoles

Front 27

Extracellular digestion

Back 27

Breakdown of food in compartments that are continuous with the outside of the animal's body

Front 28

Saliva Chemicals

Back 28

• Amylase: hydrolyzes starch/glycogen
• Mucin: slippery glycoproteins that protect the mouth from abrasions
• Buffers and antibacterials

Front 29

HCl

Back 29

• H+ secreted by the parietal cells into the lumen, where it combines with Cl-
• Denature proteins to expose the peptide bonds

Front 30

Pepsin

Back 30

• Pepsinogen release into the lumen by the chief cells where it is converted to pepsin by the HCl
• Pepsin also aids in pepsinogen transformation

Front 31

Pancreatic secretions

Back 31

Alkaline rich solution that neutralizes the chyme's acidity

Front 32

Bile

Back 32

Bile salts act as emulsifiers that aid in the digestion of lipids

Front 33

Chylomircons

Back 33

Fats are mixed with cholesterol and coated with proteins and are then transported to the lacteals

Front 34

Lacteals

Back 34

Small lymphatic vessels in each villi

Front 35

Cecum

Back 35

Ferments ingested materials to aid in the digestion of plant materials

Front 36

Protein-enrgy Malnutrition

Back 36

• "pot belly"
• Can either be protein deficient with calories ok, or not enough calories
• Symptoms: lethargy, failure to thrive, hair turning reddish, saggy skin

Front 37

Pellagra

Back 37

• Deficiency of Niacin
• Originally seen when Europeans brought back corn from the Americas
• 3 D's: diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia
• Characterized by rough skin

Front 38

Rickets

Back 38

• Deficiency in either vitamin D, calcium, or phosphorus
• Can cause bone deformities

Front 39

Scurvy

Back 39

• Vitamin C deficiency
• Swelling of joints, loss of hair, bruising/bleeding easily

Front 40

Resitin

Back 40

Produced by body fat cells and cause the body to resist insulin