Lecture 55 "salivary Gland & Gastric Function"

Front 1

Amylase (ptyalin):

*location(s)
*substrate(S)
*product(s)

Back 1

*location(s): mouth and pancrease
*substrate(s): carbohydrates
*product(s): maltose

Front 2

Lingual lipase:

*location
*substrate(s)
*product(s)

Back 2

*location: mouth
*substrate(s): TG's and fatty acids
*product(s): monoglycerides

Front 3

Pepsin:

*location
*substrate(s)
*product(s)

Back 3

*location: stomach
*substrate: proteins
*product(s): peptides

Front 4

Trypsin:

*location
*substrate(s)
*product(s)

Back 4

*location: pancreas
*substrate(s): proteins (cleave at C-terminus of Lys and Arg except when followed by Pro)
*product(s): peptides

Front 5

Chymotrypsin:

*location
*substrate(s)
*product(s)

Back 5

*location: pancreas
*substrate(s): proteins (cleave at C-terminus of Trp, Tyr, Phe and Met)
*product(s): peptides

Front 6

Carboxypeptidase

*location
*substrate(s)
*product(s)

Back 6

*location: pancreas
*substrate(s): proteins (cleave peptide bond at C-terminus)
*product(s): peptides

Front 7

Elastase:

*location
*substrate(s)
*product(s)

Back 7

*location: pancreas
*substrate(s): proteins (cleave at C-terminus of Gly, Ala, Val)
*product(s): peptides

Front 8

Lipase-Colipase:

*location
*substrate(s)
*product(s)

Back 8

*location: pancreas
*substrate(s): TG's and fatty acids
*product(s): monoglycerides

Front 9

Phospholipase A2:

*location
*substrate(s)
*product(s)

Back 9

*location: pancreas
*substrate(s): phospholipids
*product(s): fatty acids and lyso-phospholipids

Front 10

Cholesterol esterase-nonspecific lipase:

*location
*substrate(s)
*product(s)

Back 10

*location: pancreas
*substrate(s): cholesterol
*product(s): sterol and fatty acids

Front 11

Enterokinase:

*location
*substrate(s)
*product(s)

Back 11

*location: intestine (duodenum)
*substrate(s): trypsinogen
*product(s): trypsin

Front 12

Maltase:

*location
*substrate(s)
*product(s)

Back 12

*location: intestine (duodenum)
*substrate(s): maltose
*product(s): alpha-glucose (2)

Front 13

Sucrase:

*location
*substrate(s)
*product(s)

Back 13

*location: intestine (duodenum)
*substrate(s): sucrose
*product(s): fructose and glucose

Front 14

Lactase:

*location
*substrate(s)
*product(s)

Back 14

*location: intestine (duodenum)
*substrate(s): lactose
*product(s): galactose and glucose

Front 15

Trehalase:

*location
*substrate(s)
*product(s)

Back 15

*location: intestine (duodenum)
*substrate(s): trehalose
*product(s): glucose

Front 16

Isomaltase:

*location
*substrate(s)
*products(s)

Back 16

*location: intestine (duodenum)
*substrate(s): saccharides
*products(s)

Front 17

Aminooligopeptidase:

*location
*substrate(s)
*products(s)

Back 17

*location: intestine (duodenum)
*substrate(s): proteins
*products(s): peptides

Front 18

Dipeptidase:

*location
*substrate(s)
*products(s)

Back 18

*location: intestine (duodenum)
*substrate(s): proteins
*products(s): peptides

Front 19

saliva vs. plasma

[Na]
[Cl]
[K]
[HCO3]

Back 19

[Na] lower
[Cl] lower

[K] higher
[HCO3] higher

*aldosterone stimulates Na reabsorption and K secretion*

Front 20

salivary glands are stimulated by

Back 20

PNS (major) "Rest & Digest"

SNS (minor)

*salivary glands are not stimulated by digestive hormones*

Front 21

release of kallikrein upon activation of salivary glands results in

Back 21

production of bradykinin (potent vasodilator)

Front 22

gastric acid converts ______ to ______

Back 22

pepsinogen

pepsin

Front 23

Major regions of the stomach (3)

Back 23

fundus

body

antrum (pylorus)

Front 24

Cardiac glands:

*location
*compostion

Back 24

*location: near esophageal orifice
*compostion: mucous cells

Front 25

Pyloric glands:

*location
*compostion

Back 25

*location: aboral (20%) of gastric mucosa
*compostion: mucous cells, D cells, G cells

Front 26

Oxyntic glands:

*location

Back 26

*location: ~80% of gastric mucosa (from cardiac region to antral area)

Front 27

D (delta) cells secrete

Back 27

somatostatin

Front 28

G cells secrete

Back 28

gastrin

Front 29

gastrin stimulates _____ cells to secrete ______ and _____ cells to secrete ______

Back 29

parietal cells
HCl

ECL (extrachromaffin-like) cells
histamine

Front 30

histamine stimulates ______ cells to secrete _____

Back 30

parietal cells
HCl

Front 31

parietal cells secrete (2)

Back 31

HCl

intrinsic factor (complexes with vitamin B12)

Front 32

parietal cells are stimulated by (3)

Back 32

ACh

gastrin

histamine

Front 33

ECL (extrachromaffin-like) cells secrete

Back 33

histamine

Front 34

ECL cells are stimulated by

Back 34

gastrin

Front 35

mucous neck cells are stimulated by

Back 35

vagal fibers (cholinergic postganglionic fibers)

Front 36

chief cells secrete

Back 36

pepsinogen

Front 37

pepsinogen is converted to _____ by _____

Back 37

pepsins

HCl (gastric acid)

Front 38

lack of intrinsic factor leads to

Back 38

pernicious anemia (macrocytic anemia - large rbc's)

Front 39

achlorhydric patients have defective _____ cells and secrete neither _____ nor ______

Back 39

parietal cells

HCl
intrinsic factor

Front 40

Na/K ATPase pump is inhibited by

Back 40

ouabain

Front 41

H/K ATPase pump is inhibited by

Back 41

omeprazole

Front 42

parietal cell secretion vs. plasma

[K]
[H]
[Cl]

Back 42

[K] higher
[H] higher
[Cl] higher

Front 43

HCO3 production is inhibited by

Back 43

carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Front 44

HCl secretion during cephalic phase is abolished by

Back 44

vagotomy

Front 45

HCl secretion during cephalic phase is decreased moderately by

Back 45

antrectomy (surgical removal of antrum/pylorus = eliminating G cells = no gastrin secretion)

Front 46

HCl secretion during cephalic phase is decreased by

Back 46

atropine (inhibits vagal activation of muscarinic receptors on parietal cells)

*atropine does not block vagally-mediated release of gastrin* (atropine insensitive pathway)

Front 47

gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) stimulates

Back 47

release of gastrin from G cells

Front 48

HCl secretion during cephalic phase is abolished by _____ plus ______

Back 48

antrectomy

atropine

Front 49

HCl and pepsinogen secretion during gastric phase is stimulated by

Back 49

distension of oxyntic or antral regions

Front 50

HCl and pepsinogen secretion during gastric phase is decreased by _____ or ____

Back 50

vagotomy

atropine

Front 51

Gastrin secretion by antral G-cells during gastric phase is stimulated by

Back 51

amino acids (protein digestion products)

Front 52

Gastrin secretion by antral G-cells during gastric phase is abolished by

Back 52

pH < 2

Front 53

Gastric acid secretion is inhibited by ______ and ______ during the intestinal phase

Back 53

secretin

gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)

*secretin and GIP are enterogastrones*

Front 54

enterogastrone release is stimulated by

Back 54

presence of food in the duodenum:

acidic chyme - secretin

fat - GIP

Front 55

secretin is released by the ____ and the _____

Back 55

duodenum

upper jejunum

Front 56

secretin inhibits _____ but stimulates _____

Back 56

HCl secretion

secretion of pepsinogens

Front 57

GIP decreases _____ and _____

Back 57

HCl secretion (minor)

gastric motility (major)

Front 58

Parietal cells are stimulated by (3)

Back 58

ACh

gastrin

histamine

Front 59

gastrin is released by G cells in response to

Back 59

gastrin releasing protein (GRP)

Front 60

histamine receptor (H2) is blocked by

Back 60

cimetidine

Front 61

HCl release:

direct pathway

indirect pathway

Back 61

direct pathway:
ACh, gastrin and/or histamine stimulate parietal cells

indirect pathway:
ACh and gastrin stimulate ECL cells, resulting in secretion of histamine, which stimulates parietal cells

Front 62

ACh and gastrin increase [Ca] or cAMP?

Back 62

[Ca]

Front 63

histamine increases [Ca] or cAMP?

Back 63

cAMP

Front 64

somatostatin and prostaglandins decrease [Ca] or cAMP?

Back 64

cAMP