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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The 4 elements are related to:
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elements related to a humor, and then body part
Element, humor, body part |
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Fire
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yellow bile→ liver
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Water
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Phlegm→brain
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Air
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blood→ heart
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Earth
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black bile → spleen
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What is disease described as:
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disease is seen as an imbalance in these humans
- need balance, mediate |
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What are the two popular theories of medicine:
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1. Humorism
2. Vitalism |
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Humorism:
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extremely popular among Islamic, Greek, and roman physicians
→ then popular in Europe. |
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Vitalism:
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all bodies have a finite amount of energy
- must keep body balanced - shift from humorism to dissection→ something structural causing disease - ethical, religious and cultural issues - body is sacred = no cutting up = lack of bodies |
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What are the solutions for lack of bodies:
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- animal dissections – (don’t have souls or pain)
- dissect the bodies of criminals- alive or dead - murder → to supply medical schools with bodies - grave robbing - bodies of unclaimed |
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When was the anatomy act passed? how many inspectors?
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- attempt to stop these kinds of abuses
- protest most vulnerable - not very powerful 1832 Antomy act only had one inspecter for all of GB |
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When was Gray's Anatomy Published? by who?
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Gray’s Anatomy- 1858 first published
Henry Gray- Author Henry Carter- Artist |
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What were the drawing based on?
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- adult men’s bodies
- 1 or 2 women - 1 child - all would be poor, in the hospital where Henry practiced and were unclaimed - Funeral homes had secret deals with doctors - Medical schools—lied about number of students to get more bodies |
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What is the relation today to the underground body trade?
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- organs: kidneys (transplant tourism), liver parts, gametes: reproductive tourism, surrogacy
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Which countries top and bottom organ donations? which allow economics transactions
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- Canada is one of the worst countries when it comes to organ donations
- Spain is the best - Iran allows economic transactions - Underground trade= same issues as body trade |
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What is the common theme of the underground trade? and of medicine?
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Always population that is preyed upon vs. population that is more powerful
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Elaborate on the idea that the understanding of the body is fabricated:
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- therefore body is constructed
- anatomy not only indicator of disease - but also social abnormality or inferiority - height, weight - all very influenced by culture - when we look at the body we often view it through the lens of sexism, feminism, homosexuality - it is glamorized that the body tells secrets |
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Who is Joel Braslow?
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Psychiatrist + Historian
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Sum up the reading on him
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- encouraging reader to self reflect
- history allows people to be better physicians - talks about mothers breakdown - talks about father= surgeon proud of having done a lobotomy (slice nerves from skull) |
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Who did his father learn from?
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Walter Freeman
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Walter Freeman:
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Freeman 1936- ice pick and hammer
- would sever many nerves - would suppress patients with mental problems - terrible abuse of psychiatric patients - some people think it may work - people use electric shock - notion that mental illness can be cured by doing something to the body - “One flew over the cuckoo nest” → raised public outrage |
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What was Joel's big realization? and why? how?
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Joel grows up with father who does this and feels this shameful, and is ashamed of father
- interested in tracking notion that mental illness is in the mind but in the body - Tells James Story (African American): patient with schizophrenia - Joel does everything: drugs to calm him down - James commits suicide - Joel Thinks he did all of the right things as a physician but not as a human being: should have been concerned are you happy? Family? Support? Home? - He displayed negative side effects to the drug - Come to realize he was exactly like his father - Drugs = lobotomy - James was a victim of Joel’s training - Then he looks at family history: - Mom incarcerates, sees her records, and looking at record sees that they are unclear |
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What does he decide about labels of the mentally ill?
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are more of s security for the psychiatrist then for the patients own good.
James + father + mother= important to be skeptical about what youre doing - important to be compassionate - b/c clinical knowledge important to focus - medical knowledge = on patient vs. disease is limited |
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Charlotte Perkins Gilman: who? when? what did she write? why?
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Charlotte Perkins Gilman 1860-1935 “The yellow Wall paper”
- active in feminist movement - PPD → people didn’t know what it was - Is the doctor creating the illness - Husband and brother = doctors - Society or organic or both - Why did she go crazy? |
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who was her doctor?
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S. Weir Mitchell – president of American Neurological Association- specialist in neurology “the rest cure”
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Give a brief description of her life?
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Married Charles Stetson 1884
- Daughter 1845 - ends in asylum - mental illness is caused by exhaustion of the nerves: o therefore body needs rest: o staying bed, eating fatty foods, isolation, no mental or physical activity - By late 1800’s women considered very susceptible to neurastimia - This upholds womens right to: vote, higher ed, doctors, lawyers - She goes out of mind in rest cure - To get revenge wrote : “The yellow wall paper” - If she was from marginalized population wouldn’t have been diagnosed with neurastimia |
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What was this nerve exhaustion: who invented its name? Symptoms?
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- believed people who suffering from nerve exhaustion had: Neurastenia
- she get diagnosed with this by George Miller Beard - Collection of symptoms: o Anxiety o Sadness o Headaches o Muscle aches o Fatigue o Sounds like depression or Epstein- Barr - Today could have been a bunch of different things |
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Why did George this people got neurastemia?
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- He thought people developed Neuratemia because of urbanization of USA
o Stimulus causing too much excitement = exhaustion o American business men, soilders o See connection to vitalism and balance! |
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What would the marginalized population get diagnosed with?
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Feeble Mindedness
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What does this different diagnoses add to our themes?
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- work differently for different populations of different peoples
- depends on who is diagnosed - *** People always bring cultural understanding to their medical diagnosis: o dissection o diagnosis o prejudices |
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Francis Galton: who? what?
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Frances Galton 1882- 1911:
Darwin’s cousin - anthropologist - inventor - statistician - coins term “Eugenics” (well-born) |
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What is Eugenics?
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o pseudoscience of eugenics
o do people inherit their abilities? Or is it the environment? Classic nature vs. nurture - About improving human population through selective breeding |
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Positive Eugenics:
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could improve humans, forbid some people to get married
- paying some women who are “good stock” to have many children |
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Negative Eugenics:
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- immigration control
- only want certain number in country - they cannot breed with native born population - sterilize people - shut people from institutions - commit infanticide - genocide |
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Who will determine what is good or bad stock?
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- ruling class in society ex: Francis Galton
- race: dark….slated for negative eugenics - physical deformities: club foot, blind - IQ scores - Religion - Native vs. immigrant - Status CONTINUES theme of health is decided based on construction |
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What did Francis think on nature vs. nurture? Describe his view of the feeble minded:
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We inherit from our parents, main thing is mental intelligence.
- very concerned about feeble mindedness - look physically normal but: o mentally inferior, believed to breed twice as much as other o some with feeble mindedness could be attractive to seduce o if they could be stopped: no more disease - Top class - Little appreciation to lower class - Looked to prove what they wanted to believe |
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What are the 2 rival disease concepts?
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First: desease from the outside versus disease from within
Second: disease of the individual versus disease of the group. |
