Lecture 4 Exam Part 1

Front 1

What is another name for information coming in from the central nervous system?

Back 1

Afferent

Front 2

What is another name for information going out of the central nervous system?

Back 2

Efferent

Front 3

What are the functional cells of the nervous system whose job is communication: generate electrical signals?

Back 3

Neurons

Front 4

True/False: Neurons are excitable.

Back 4

True: They can respond to a stimulus by generating an electrical signal.

Front 5

What is the term for moving an electrical signal away from where it was generated?

Back 5

Conductivity

Front 6

What do neurotransmitters release: secretory vesicles?

Back 6

A chemical called neurotransmitter

Front 7

What is the name for any kind of neuron that brings information into the central nervous system: detect stimuli?

Back 7

Sensory neuron (afferent neuron)

Front 8

What type of neuron makes up about 90% of our neurons, which receive information and/or electrical signals from other neurons, process the information, and then sends the signal along to the next neuron: most of what makes up our brain?

Back 8

Interneuron (association neuron)

Front 9

What type of neuron conducts the electrical signal to an effector?

Back 9

Efferent

Front 10

What are the two divisions of the nervous system?

Back 10

1. Anatomical division

2. Functional division

Front 11

What are the two anatomical divisions of the nervous system?

Back 11

1. Central nervous system (brain + spinal cord)

2. Peripheral nervous system (all the nerves going out of the nervous system)

Front 12

What are the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

Back 12

1. Sensory division (information going into the central nervous system)

2.) Motor division (information going out of the central nervous system)

Front 13

What type of sensory division occurs when signals are going to hollow organs containing cardiac or smooth muscle?

Back 13

Visceral sensory division

Front 14

What type of motor division occurs when signals are sent out to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and/or glands?

Back 14

Visceral motor division

Front 15

What type of sensory division occurs when signals are going to skeletal muscle (joints associated with it, bones associated with it, and skin associated with it)?

Back 15

Somatic sensory division

Front 16

What is incoming information carried by?

Back 16

Sensory neurons

Front 17

What type of procedure involves the removal of the blood from a patient, which is then filtered to remove the antibodies that are targeting ACH receptors, and are then put back into the body: occurs when a patient suffers from myasthenia gravis?

Back 17

Plasmapheresis

Front 18

What functions with the nervous system to maintain homeostasis because it contains glands that release chemical signals into the blood?

Back 18

Endocrine system (sometimes known as the neuroendocrine system)

Front 19

Which system is the first to respond: taking milliseconds to respond?

Back 19

Nervous system

Front 20

Which system is the second to respond: taking minutes and even hours to respond?

Back 20

Endocrine system

Front 21

Which system senses the internal and external environments: receptor loop for homeostasis?

Back 21

Nervous system

Front 22

Which system gathers the information and makes a decision on what to do next: integrator loop for homeostasis?

Back 22

Nervous system

Front 23

Which system can use motor neurons to carry out a response to stimuli: effector loop of homeostasis?

Back 23

Nervous system

Front 24

How are the myocytes of cardiac muscle joined together?

Back 24

Intercalated discs

Front 25

What are special junctions found in cardiac muscle that have lots of desmosomes that make the connection between each cardiac cell very tight?

Back 25

Intercalated discs

Front 26

What do the intercalated discs have that allow cardiac cells to communicate electrically with each other: allowing to only have to stimulate one part of the muscle in order for the others to all get the electrical signal simultaneously?

Back 26

Gap junctions

Front 27

True/False: Cardiac muscle is mononucleated.

Back 27

True

Front 28

What part of the nervous system controls heart rate?

Back 28

Autonomic (involuntary - brain stem)

Front 29

What are the cardiac cells referred to as, because the heart itself generates its own electrical signal to stimulate a contraction?

Back 29

Autorythmic

Front 30

True/False: Cardiac cells do not have a lot of mitochondria.

Back 30

False: They have lots of mitochondria

Front 31

What is the primary mode of generating ATP for cardiac cells?

Back 31

Aerobic respiration

Front 32

What is the fuel source that cardiac muscle cells use?

Back 32

Lactic acid

Front 33

True/False: Cardiac cells have a long refractory period.

Back 33

True: You cannot overstimulate them and drive them too fast (safety valve).

Front 34

True/False: Cardiac myocytes contract very slowly.

Back 34

True

Front 35

True/False: There is more sarcoplasmic reticulum in a cardiac myocyte than a skeletal myocyte.

Back 35

False: There is less, so cardiac myocytes depend on extracellular calcium for a contraction.

Front 36

Why does smooth muscle have a smooth appearance?

Back 36

The contractile proteins are not organized into sarcomeres with a regular repeating pattern.

Front 37

True/False: Smooth muscle is Mononucleated.

Back 37

True

Front 38

True/False: Smooth muscle is a voluntary muscle.

Back 38

False: It is an involuntary muscle.

Front 39

What controls how smooth muscle contracts (when it responds)?

Back 39

Autonomic nervous system (neurons)

Front 40

What is the place where neurons come into very close contact with smooth muscle cells?

Back 40

Neuromuscular junction

Front 41

What are the two functional categories of smooth muscle?

Back 41

Multiunit smooth muscle (each one is being controlled by a neuron)
Single unit smooth muscle (the cells communicate via gap junctions)

Front 42

What are found along the axons of a neuron that look like swellings, that contain synaptic vesicles full of neurotransmitters?

Back 42

Varicosities

Front 43

Where is multiunit smooth muscle found?

Back 43

Erector pili muscle
Iris of the eye (controls amount of light coming into and out of the eye)
Distal parts of the airways (smooth muscle rings that dilate and contract to control the amount of air flowing in and out of the lungs)

Front 44

Where is single unit smooth muscle found?

Back 44

Makes up the walls of almost the entire gastrointestinal tract
Makes up the walls of all the blood vessels (arteries and veins)

Front 45

What is another name for single unit smooth muscle?

Back 45

Visceral smooth muscle

Front 46

True/False: Single unit smooth muscle is always in a state of contraction all of the time.

Back 46

True: Called smooth muscle tone (allows us to control blood pressure)

Front 47

True/False: With smooth muscle, you can get inhibition or stimulation depending on which neurotransmitter is being released by the neuron.

Back 47

True

Front 48

True/False: Hormones cannot stimulate smooth muscle.

Back 48

False: Adrenaline, when circulating in the blood stream, can make the blood vessels constrict which will then raise your blood pressure.

Front 49

True/False: Smooth muscle responds to stretch.

Back 49

True: If a piece of smooth muscle was removed from the body and then tugged on, the smooth muscle responds immediately and constricts the stretch (fights it).

Front 50

True/False: Chemicals cannot cause smooth muscle to constrict.

Back 50

False: If blood vessels are low in oxygen, blood vessels dilate to allow for higher blood flow, and if the blood vessels are high in carbon dioxide, blood vessels dilate to allow for higher blood flow.

Front 51

True/False: Temperature can cause smooth muscle to dilate.

Back 51

True: When the body temperature increases, blood vessels dilate, and when the body temperature decreases, blood vessels constrict.

Front 52

What is smooth muscle dependent on to generate a contraction, because it does not have a large amount of sarcoplasmic reticulum?

Back 52

Extracellular calcium

Front 53

True/False: The process of contraction is slow.

Back 53

True: Smooth muscle twitch takes between 2 and 3 seconds.

Front 54

Where is actin found in smooth muscle?

Back 54

Anchored to the cell membrane by dark bodies

Front 55

When generating a contraction in smooth muscle, what happens alongside the shortening of the muscle, because of the anchoring of actin?

Back 55

Twisting

Front 56

True/False: Smooth muscle can be really stretched.

Back 56

True: No matter how stretched smooth muscle is, there is always actin and myosin somewhere else on the muscle due to the unorganization of the contractile proteins.

Front 57

What is the process that allows cross bridges to form and then lock in place, and then maintain the tension on the smooth muscle (forming a latch) for long periods of time without having to expend a lot of energy?

Back 57

Latch Ridge Mechanism

Front 58

What is the result of an increase in number of cells?

Back 58

Hyperplasia

Front 59

What is the result of an increase in the size of cells?

Back 59

Hypertrophy

Front 60

True/False: Regeneration in muscle cells is limited.

Back 60

True: Very limited in skeletal muscles because myocytes do not undergo mitosis

Front 61

How is regeneration of skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle accomplished?

Back 61

Fibrosis

Front 62

What are stem cells associated with the lining of smooth muscles, that give the ability to put new vasculature in the tissue?

Back 62

Pericytes

Front 63

As we become more sedentary with age, the actin and myosin begin to break down, causing the muscle to break down, which it is then replaced by what?

Back 63

Lipids

Front 64

What type of fibers are broken down first during muscle degeneration?

Back 64

Fast twitch fibers

Front 65

What is the term for diseases of the muscle?

Back 65

Myopathy

Front 66

What are hereditary and are associated with skeletal muscle degeneration?

Back 66

Muscular Dystrophies

Front 67

What type of muscular dystrophy occurs when the muscle cells begin attacking their own ACh receptors in the neuromuscular junctions, beginning at the head and slowly moving downwards: is tested by observing the skeletal muscles in the eyelids?

Back 67

Myasthenia Gravis

Front 68

What type of drugs can slow down myasthenia gravis but cannot cure it?

Back 68

Antiacetylcholinesterase drugs

Front 69

What is another name for information coming in from the central nervous system?

Back 69

Afferent (afferent neurons)

Front 70

What is the term for output of information?

Back 70

Motor (motor neurons)