Lecture 4 Exam (From The Book)

Front 1

What is the term for the study of the nervous system?

Back 1

Neurobiology

Front 2

What is a knotlike swelling in a nerve where the cell bodies of neurons are concentrated?

Back 2

Ganglion

Front 3

What are the two major divisions of the nervous system and what are they made up of?

Back 3

1. Central nervous system (brain + spinal cord)

2. Peripheral nervous system (all other nerves)

Front 4

What are the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system and what are their functions?

Back 4

1. Sensory division (carries signals from receptors to the CNS)

2. Motor division (carry signals from CNS to glands and muscle cells)

Front 5

What are the two divisions of the sensory division of the peripheral nervous system and what are their functions?

Back 5

1. Visceral sensory division (carries signals from organs)

2. Somatic sensory division (carries signals from receptors in the skin, muscles, bones, and joints)

Front 6

What are the two divisions of the motor division of the peripheral nervous system and what are their functions??

Back 6

1. Visceral motor division (carries signals to glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle)

2. Somatic motor division (carries signals to skeletal muscle)

Front 7

What are the two divisions if the visceral motor division of the motor division of the peripheral nervous system and what are their functions?

Back 7

1. Sympathetic division (arouses the body for action and inhibits digestion)

2. Parasympathetic division (calms the body and stimulates digestion)

Front 8

What are the three physiological properties that enable neurons to communicate with other cells?

Back 8

1. Excitability

2. Conductivity

3. Secretion

Front 9

What are two examples of receptors that are themselves neurons?

Back 9

1. Pain

2. Smell

Front 10

True/False: Mature neurons do not contain centrioles and do not undergo mitosis after adolescence.

Back 10

True

Front 11

True/False: The more dendrites a neuron has the more information it can receive and incorporate into its decision making.

Back 11

True

Front 12

Varicosities only exist in what type of neuron?

Back 12

Autonomic neuron

Front 13

What are the two types of axonal transport, which direction do they move, and what are the names of the proteins that move them?

Back 13

1. Anterograde axonal transport moves away from the soma via kinesin protein.

2. Retrograde axonal transport moves towards the soma via dynein protein.

Front 14

Which type of axonal transport (fast or slow) is both retrograde and anterograde?

Back 14

Fast axonal transport

Front 15

Which type of axonal transport (fast or slow) is anterograde only?

Back 15

Slow axonal transport

Front 16

What are the four types of neuroglia found in the central nervous system?

Back 16

1. Oligodendricytes (myelin sheath)

2. Ependymal cells (cerebrospinal fluid)

3. Microglia (macrophages)

4. Astroctyes (powerhouse cells)

Front 17

What undergoes mitosis throughout an adults life, thus creating a breeding ground for the multiplication of cancerous cells?

Back 17

Glial cells

Front 18

What are the two types of glial cells found in the peripheral nervous system?

Back 18

1. Schwann cells (myelin sheath)

2. Satellite cells (electrical insulation)

Front 19

True/False: Nerve fibers of the central nervous system have no neurilemma or endoneurium.

Back 19

True

Front 20

True/False: Even unmyelinated fibers are enveloped by Schwann cells in the PNS.

Back 20

True: They fold around each fiber and overlap their edges forming the neurilemma.

Front 21

Where does signal conduction occur?

Back 21

Along the surface of a fiber

Front 22

What are the two things needed to be able to regenerate a damaged peripheral nerve fiber?

Back 22

1. Intact soma

2. Some neurilemma remains

Front 23

Although the CNS cannot regenerate nerves, what is it enclosed by, which provides a stronger protection than the PNS?

Back 23

Bone

Front 24

True/False: Nerve injury is often followed by some degree of functional deficit.

Back 24

True: Even after regeneration, the slow rate of axonal regrowth may take up to 2 years.

Front 25

What is the term for cellular mechanisms for producing electrical potentials and currents, and is what neural communication is based off of?

Back 25

Electrophysiology

Front 26

What is a difference in the concentration of charged particles between one point and another?

Back 26

Electrical potential

Front 27

What is a flow of charged particles from one point to another?

Back 27

Current

Front 28

What is caused by the unequal distribution of electrolytes between the extracellular fluid on the outside of the cell and the intracellular fluid on the inside of the cell?

Back 28

Resting membrane potential

Front 29

What type of tissue has one of the highest rates of ATP consumption?

Back 29

Nervous tissue

Front 30

What is the order in which information is received in a neuron?

Back 30

Dendrite -> Soma -> Axon -> Synaptic Knob

Front 31

Any case in which membrane voltage shifts to a less negative value is called what?

Back 31

Depolarization

Front 32

What occurs when the membrane is made more negative?

Back 32

Hyperpolarization

Front 33

What is responsible for the initial effect on membrane potential?

Back 33

Sodium

Front 34

True/False: An action potential only involves the thin layer of ions close to the membrane.

Back 34

True

Front 35

What is the name fore the period of resistance to restimulation?

Back 35

Refractory period

Front 36

What lasts from the start of an action potential until it has reached its resting membrane potential?

Back 36

Absolute refractory period

Front 37

What lasts until hyperpolarization ends?

Back 37

Relative refractory period

Front 38

True/False: No one action potential travels to the end of an axon.

Back 38

True: They are a chain reaction carried by nerve signals.

Front 39

What is a chain reaction of action potentials called?

Back 39

Nerve signal

Front 40

Where does the potential energy come from in an axon?

Back 40

Ion gradient across the plasma membrane

Front 41

True/False: Action potentials can occur in the internodes of myelinated fibers.

Back 41

False: They cannot occur.

Front 42

What two things does salutatory conduction tell us?

Back 42

1. It is very fast but decremental in the internodes.

2. It is slower but nondecremental in the nodes.

Front 43

What is the advantage and disadvantage of an electrical synapse?

Back 43

The advantage is that they can transfer information very quickly (no delay), but the disadvantage is that they cannot integrate information and make decisions.

Front 44

What is one advantage of a chemical synapse?

Back 44

They have the ability to integrate information and make decisions because of the neurotransmitters.

Front 45

What are the three types of catecholamines?

Back 45

1. Epinephrine

2. Norepinephrine

3. Dopamine

Front 46

What amino acid is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?

Back 46

GABA

Front 47

What monoamine affects the sympathetic nervous system where it can excite cardiac muscle, excite or inhibit smooth muscle and glands?

Back 47

Norepinephrine

Front 48

What monoamine is involved in the elevation of mood and control of skeletal muscles?

Back 48

Dopamine

Front 49

What monoamine is involved in sleepiness, alertness, thermoregulation, and mood?

Back 49

Serotonin

Front 50

What neuropeptide mediates pain transmission?

Back 50

Substance P

Front 51

What neuropeptide suppresses appetite?

Back 51

CCK (Cholecystokinin)

Front 52

What is the term for the time of arrival of a signal at the axon terminal of a presynaptic cell to the beginning of an action potential in the postsynaptic cell?

Back 52

Synaptic delay

Front 53

What adjust the activity of neuron groups by increasing the release of neurotransmitters via presynaptic neurons, adjusting the sensitivity of postsynaptic neurons to neurotransmitters, or by altering the rate of neurotransmitter reuptake or breakdown to prolong their effects?

Back 53

Neuromodulators

Front 54

What is the name for the process of adding up postsynaptic potentials and responding to their net effect: occurs in the trigger zone?

Back 54

Summation

Front 55

What is the way that the nervous system converts information to a meaningful pattern of action potentials?

Back 55

Neural coding

Front 56

What is the term for bringing additional neurons into play as the stimulus becomes stronger?

Back 56

Recruitment

Front 57

True/False: The central nervous system can judge stimulus strength from the firing frequency of afferent neurons.

Back 57

True

Front 58

What is the term for that pathways among neurons?

Back 58

Neuron circuit