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32 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

outer cells

become placenta

inner cell mass

becomes embryo

totipotent

stem cells before blastocyst stage that can become any tissue in body

pluripotent

stem cells of inner cell mass and can become any tissue except placenta

ectoderm

skin, NS

mesoderm

body structure (skeleton, muscle, connective tissue, some organs)

endoderm

internal organs

neurulation

begins with thickening of early ectoderm in response to factors released by underlying mesoderm




neural plate -------> neural tube


neural fold -------> neural crest




ends with neuropores closing

neurulation pt. 2

thicker anterior (cephalic) end ---- brain


thinner posterior (tail) end ----SC




anterior neuropore closes: 24 days


posterior neuropore closes: 26 days

somites

mesodermal cells that make up skeleton, muscles, connective tissue




each somite makes connections with SC to make dermatomes

neural tube

MNs


preganglionic motor neurons of ANS


interneurons


astrocytes


oligodendrocytes

neural crest

SNs


postganglionic motor neurons of ANS


Schwann cells


pia mater cells


arachnoid cells


chromatin cells

neuroepithelium

what neurons develop from in the ependymal layer of neural tube

radial glial cells

assist in migration of neurons




differentiate into astrocytes when job is done

early neural tube

ependymal


mantle


marginal zones

SC migration

ends in mantle zone




MNs send axons through marginal layer




SNs send axons in the marginal layer into mantle layer (cell bodies lie outside of CNS)

Cerebellum/Cerebrum migration

continues into marginal layer




axons point in




mantle layer eventually disappears

sulcus limitans

limiting groove




divides upper (dorsal) alar plate from lower (ventral) basal plate




continues into brainstem but not diencephalon

alar plate

interneurons that receive input from axons of SNs

basal plate

cell bodies of MNs

encephalization

expansion of brain

3 vesicles

prosencephalon - telencephalon, diencephalon


mesencephalon


rhombencephalon - metencephalon, myelencephalon

telecephalon

cerebral cortex, BG


lateral ventricle

diencephalon

thalamus, hypothalamus


3rd ventricle

metencephalon

pons, cerebellum


4th ventricle

myelencephalon

medulla


4th ventricle

optic vesicle

rudimentary eye/retina


emerges from diencephalon

infundibulum

connects pituitary gland to diencephalon

rhinencephalon

buds off telencephalon and will form olfactory bulb

hypothalamic sulcus

begins where sulcus limitans ends (after mesencephalon)




separates dorsal from ventral in telencephalon and diencephalon

microcephaly

during later phases of encephalization, alcohol consumption leads to small brain




characterizes fetal alcohol syndrome

synaptic pruning

cells that have already migrated, continue to develop through growth of dendrites, axons, synaptic connections




continues until puberty, until pruning (declining) occurs