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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
contraction
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muscles get shorter some of the time and its a binding of actin and myosin filaments
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orgin (poximal attachment)
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proximal point of attachment(usually doesnt move)
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insertion (distal attachment)
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distal point of attachment (normally moves)
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tendons
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bundles of collagen fibers with little intercellular matrix
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peritendineum
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connective tissue membrane that sourrounds the tendons
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aponeuroses
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flattened expanded tendons
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myofilaments
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basic unit of muscle structure
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sarcomeres
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myofilaments are organized into these arrangements
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myofibril
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a chain of sarcomeres
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myofiber
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a bundle of myofibrils
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myoblasts
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what muscle cells are composed of, embryonic muscle cells
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sarcolemma
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cell membrane that covers the muscle fibers
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endomysium
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myofiber is surrounded by a dleicate connective tissue layer called this
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fascicles
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bundles of fibers are organized into this, a bundle of this makes up a muscle
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perimysium
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a connective tissue layer that surrounds the fascicle
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epimysium
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connective tissue layer that sourounds the entire muscle
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actin
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a filamentous protein polymer made up of two strands of globular actin organized into a double helical configuration
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myosin
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attach to actin molecules, another kind of myofilaments
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sarcomere
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segment between two successive z bands
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A-band
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a dense middle band
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I-bands
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on either side of the A-bands, appear less dense,
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H-band
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consists of myosin
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sarcoplasmic reticulum
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syrrounds the myofibrils, mitochondria and are extensive endoplasmic reticulum
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T-tubules
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contacts the sarcoplasmic reticulum with teh sarcolmma(cell membrane), tubular process
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cisternae
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sac like compartments in the sarcoplasmic reticulum
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dark (red) fibers
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resistant to fatigue and contract relatively slowly, rely on oxidative phosphorylation, large number of mitochondria, large level of myoglobin
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myoglobin
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a protein similar to hemoglobin that binds oxygen
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light(white) fibers
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fatigue rapidly and contract rapidly, resort to anaerobic metabloic pathways, fewer mitochondria, less myoglobin, larger concentration of ATPase
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neurotransmitter
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chemical agent
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presynaptic membrane
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axonal membrane
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synaptic cleft
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the gap
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postsynaptic membrane
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sarcolemma
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neuromuscluar junction
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(synapse); presynaptic membrane, synaptic cleft, postsynaptic membrane
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all-or-none
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muscle fiber will either contract completely or not at all; not a muscle
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motor unit
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composed of a motor axon and all the myofibers
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fine movements
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few myofibers
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gross movements
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hundreds of myofibers
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unipennate
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muscles that have fibers running in an oblique direction on one side of a tendon
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bipennate
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muscle that has a single cenrtal tendon with bers coming obliquley off both sides of the tendon, feather shapped
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multipennate
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muscle that consists of several central tendons with oblique fibers attached to both sides of each tendon
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contraction
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a response to a stimulus
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isometric contraction
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length of the msucle does not change, tension increases
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isotonic contraction
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length of the muscle does change
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concentric contraction
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isotonic contractions in which the muscle fiber gets shorter
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eccentric
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isotonic contractions in which the muscle fiber lengthens
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agonist
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a muscle that is the prime cause of a particular action
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antagonist
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an agonist is opposed by this
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synergists
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restrict unwanted activity
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fixators
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stabilize the base of attachment for other muscles
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unijoint muscles
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cross only one joint
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multi joint muscles
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crossing more than one joint
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actively insufficient
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whent he multi joint muscle is acting as the agonist, unable to cause maximal shortening over all joints crossed
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passively insufficient
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if the multi joint muscle is acting as the antagonist, cannot lengthen completely over all joints crossed
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