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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the advantages of monoclonal antibodies?
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Increased Specificity; Reacting with Only One Epitope
Pure Product; Easily Obtained Less Cross-Reactivity |
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Describe the Process of Monoclonal Antibody Production
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1. Culture Spleen and Myeloma Cells in HAT Medium
2. Test Each Supernatant for Antibodies 3. Clone Each Positive Culture 4. Test Each Supernatants for Antibodies 5. Expand Positive Clones; either In Vivo, or In Vitro |
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List some of the uses of monoclonal antibodies in diagnostics.
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Immunoassays, Immunochemistry, ELISA
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What is immunohistochemistry?
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A method for the detection and localisation of proteins and other cellular components using antibodies that specifically labels the material.
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What is immunochromatographic assay?
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Lateral flow tests are simple devices intended to detect the presence, or absence of a target analyte in a sample without the need for specialised and costly equipment.
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What are the difficulties associated with use of murine monoclonal antibodies?
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Provokes Immune Response (50 - 75% Cases)
Short Half-Life Inability to Activate Complement |
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How are the difficulties associated with use of murine monoclonal antibodies overcome?
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Use of Chimeric, or Humanised Monoclonal Antibodies
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What is the composition of a chimeric mAb?
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Murine CDRs (HVR) and a Human Framework and Fc Region.
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What is HACA? What is it observed with?
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Human Anti-Chimeric Antibodies (HACA); Administered of Chimeric Antibodies
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What are some of the mechanism of action of monoclonal antibodies?
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Stimulation of Destruction by Immune System; i.e. rituximab
Inhibition of Angiogenesis; i.e., bevacizumab (avastin) Inhibition of Growth Factor Binding; i.e. cetuximab Delivery of Attached Drugs; i.e. ibritumomab Delivery of Enzyme-Antibody Complex; i.e. Antibody-Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy (ADEPT) |
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What is ADEPT?
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Antibody-Directly Enzyme Prodrug Therapy (ADEPT);
Uses a mAb to carry an enzyme directly to cancer cells, then a couple of hours later a second drug (pro-drug) is given exerting effects on localised cells. |
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What are common side effects of mAb therapy?
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Allergic Reactions; and
Flu-like Signs, i.e. Chills, Fatigue, Fever and Muscle Aches |
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What are serious, and severe side effects of mAb therapy?
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Infusion Reactions, Dangerously Low Blood Cell Counts;
Heart Problems and Bleeding |
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What are the clinical uses of rituximab?
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B Cell Lymphoma (Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma); and
Non-Responsive Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients |
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What type of mAb is rituximab?
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Chimeric mAb
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What is the target of rituximab?
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CD20
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What is rituximab used in combination with for B Cell lymphoma? Why?
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Chemotherapy; Improve Response Rates
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What is rituximab used in combination with for Rheumatoid Arthritis?
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Methotrexate
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What is the half-life of rituximab?
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22 Days
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What are the clinical uses of alemtuzumab?
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Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia; and
T Cell Lymphoma; and Bone Marrow and Kidney Transplantation |
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What type of mAb is alemtuzumab?
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Humanised IgG mAb
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What is the target of alemtuzumab?
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CD52
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What are the adverse side effects of alemtuzumab?
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Acute Infusion Reactions
Susceptibility to Infections Depletion of Neutrophils and T Cells Serious Myelosupression |
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What are the clinical uses of trastuzumab?
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Breast Cancer; and
HER2-Positive Metastatic Gastric Adenocarcinoma |
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What type of mAb is trastuzumab?
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Humanised mAb
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What is the target of trastuzumab?
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HER2
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What are the adverse side effects of trastuzumab?
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Cardiomyopathy
Pulmonary Toxicity (Respiratory Failure, Pneumonitis) Infusion Reactions Chemotherapy-Induced Neutropenia |
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What is the clinical use of infliximab and etanercept in RA?
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Reduction of Clinical Signs and Slow Disease Progression
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What can non-responders use, if infliximab, and etanercept are ineffective?
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Rituximab
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What are the clinical uses of infliximab?
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Treatment of Psoriasis, Crohn’s disease, Ulcerative Colitis and RA
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What is the target of infliximab?
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TNF-α
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What is ‘xi’ in the nomenclature of monoclonal antibodies?
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Source: Chimeric
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What is ‘u’ in the nomenclature of monoclonal antibodies?
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Source: Human
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What is ‘zu’ in the nomenclature of monoclonal antibodies?
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Source: Humanised
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What is the mechanism of action of etanercept?
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Neutralisation of TNF-α
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What is the fastest growing segment of the biopharmaceutical market?
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Monoclonal Antibodies
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What is the monoclonal antibody market worth?
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US$40 Billion
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How many types of mAb are on the market in the US?
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22
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How many types of mAb are in development?
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Over 500 mAbs in development
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