Lecture 31: Resiratory System

Front 1

9 Functions of the Respiratory System

Back 1

1. Gas Exchange
2. Acid-base
3. Defense of the body
4. Filter out particulate matter
5. Conditioning of inspired gas
6. Warm and humidify air
7. Signaling pathways (ACE converts ANG I-->ANGII, blood pressure regulation)
8. Speech
9. Works hand-in-hand with the CV and renal systems

Front 2

Gas Echange is a component of the Respiratory System which involves:

Back 2

1. Exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood and environment
2. Diffusion
3. Transport

Front 3

Cellular Respiration

Back 3

Requirement of O2 in the final step of electron transport

Front 4

Anatomy of upper respiratory tract

Back 4

nose and pharnyx

Front 5

Anatomy of lower respiratory tract

Back 5

larnyx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

Front 6

What are the 2 functional divisions

Back 6

1. Conducting Zone
2. Respiratory Zone

Front 7

Conducting Zone consists of:

Back 7

nose, pharnyx, larnyx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles

Front 8

What are the functions of the conducting zone:

Back 8

filter, warm, moisten air, conduct air into lungs

Front 9

Which functional division consists of the bronchial circulation?

Back 9

Conducting Zone

Front 10

Which functional division consists of the pulmonary circulation?

Back 10

Respiratory Zone

Front 11

Respiratory Zone consists of:

Back 11

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ductsm alveolar sacs, and alveoli

Front 12

What is the function of the respiratory zone?

Back 12

gas exchange

Front 13

Where is each lung housed?

Back 13

Each lung is housed in its own pleural cavity in the thorax.

Front 14

What is the pressure in each lungs and why is this impt.?

Back 14

Pressure in each is sub-atmospheric which is essential for keeping the lung inflated.

Front 15

How many lobes are in the right lung?

Back 15

3 lobes in right lung

Front 16

How many lobes are in the left lung?

Back 16

2 lobes in the left lung

Front 17

How many segments are in the right lung?

Back 17

10 segments in the right lung

Front 18

How many segments are in the left lung?

Back 18

8-10 segments in the left lung

Front 19

What is another name for lobule?

Back 19

Secondary acinus

Front 20

What is the secondary acinus?

Back 20

It is the volume of lung innervated by a single terminal bronchiole.

Front 21

What surrounds the 5-10 acini and it's importance?

Back 21

5-10 acini are surrounded by CT, this CT helps keep the area open so it doesn't collapse.

Front 22

How large is a typical lung and why is this important?

Back 22

300-500 million alveoli, total surface area ~75 m2 (about a tennis court). The large surface area provides the blood-gas interface.

Front 23

Terminal respiratory unit

Back 23

Alveolar ducts and their associated alveoli merge with pulmonary capillaries.

Front 24

What is the size of the blood-gas interface at the alveolar-capillary membrane?

Back 24

It is extremely thin: less than 0.5 microns (1/16 the diameter of a RBC)

Front 25

Name the 6 structures in the alveolar capillary in a human lung.

Back 25

1. Alveolar space (AS)
2. Interstitial Space (IS)
3. Basement membrane (BM)
4. Endothelium (E)
5. Continuous epithelium (EP)
6. Erythrocyte (RBC)

Front 26

What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration when one phrenic nerve is paralyzed?

Back 26

One side of the diaphragm will go up while the other side is going down during breathing.

Front 27

What 2 structures are involved during inspriation?

Back 27

Diaphragm and Accessory Muscles

Front 28

Which 3 accessory muscles are involved during inspriation?

Back 28

External intercostals, Scalene muscles, and Sternocleidomastoids

Front 29

Is normal exhalation an active or passive process?

Back 29

Normal exhalation is a passive process.

Front 30

What relaxes during expiration?

Back 30

The diaphragm relaxes during expiration.

Front 31

Which 5 muscles are involved during forced expiration?

Back 31

Internal Intercostals, external obliques, internal obliques, transverse abdominis, and rectus abdominis

Front 32

What happens during inspiration?

Back 32

During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and displaces abdominal contents.

Front 33

What happens to the abdominal contents during inspiration?

Back 33

The abdominal contents resist and act as a fulcrum during inspiration.

Front 34

What happens when the diaphragm contracts during inspiration?

Back 34

During inspiration when the diaphragm contracts--> the ribs lift up and the throacic cavity is lengthened

Front 35

What 2 structures are involved during forced inspiration?

Back 35

During forced inspiration, the diaphragm and the accessory muscles are involved.

Front 36

What is the function of the external intercostals during forced inspiration?

Back 36

The external intercostals raise anterior end of rib cage=upward and outward.

Front 37

Which 2 muscles further increase the thoracic volume during forced inspiration? And, how do they do this?

Back 37

Scalene muscles and sternocleidomastoids increase thoracic volume by elevating the upper rib cage during forced inspiration.

Front 38

Which muscles pull the rib cage down during forced expiration?

Back 38

Internal intercostals: pull the rib cage down during forced expiration

Front 39

Which 4 muscles are involved in forced expiration by contracting the abdominal wall and what does it cause?

Back 39

External obliques, internal obliques, transverse abdominis, and rectus abdominus are involved in forced expiration. Specifically, the contract the abdominal wall which pushes the diaphragm upward.

Front 40

Tidal Volume (VT)

Back 40

Volume of one breath; ~500 mL

Front 41

Minute Ventilation(V)

Back 41

Volume of air inhaled and exhaled per minute; V= 12 breaths/min. x 500mL/breath; V=6L/min

Front 42

Expired minute ventilation (VE)

Back 42

VE= VT x f; considered equivalent to minute ventilation

Front 43

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

Back 43

Volume of air that can be forcibly inhaled following a normal inspiration

Front 44

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

Back 44

Volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled following a normal expiration

Front 45

Forced Expiratopry Volume in 1 second (FEV1)

Back 45

Volume of air that can be exhaled in 1 second with maximal effort following maximal inhalation

Front 46

Residual Volume (RV)

Back 46

Volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal expiration; RV=FRC-ERV

Front 47

Vital Capacity (VC)

Back 47

Maximal volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after maximal inspiration; VC=TV+IRV+ERV

Front 48

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

Back 48

Volume of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal expiration; FRC=RV+ERV

Front 49

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

Back 49

Volume of air in the lungs at the end of maximal inspiration (how much ait out lungs can possible hold); TLC=FRC+TV+IRV=VC+RV

Front 50

Maximal Volunatry Ventilation (MVV)

Back 50

Maximum volume of air that can be breathed by voluntary effort in a 15 second interval. This volume is multiplied by 4 and expressed as liters per minute. (this measures strength, endurance, etc...)

Front 51

Which volume can't be measured by a spirometer test?

Back 51

Residual volume because you will have to do a test that measures CO2 output. You can estimate it though.