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74 Cards in this Set
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Kingdom fungi, phylum microsporidia |
-diverse group of obligate organisms -1300 species in 160 genera -poorly surveyed so not accurate -infect animals -commercially important animals -bees, silk worms, salmon, domestic animals(cows) -humans -immune suppression |
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What are microsporidia thought to be in common with? |
They are though to be in common with fish, insects, other invertebrates |
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What are they considered, protists, fungi,or? |
Fungi. In 1857 the schizomycete fungi was discovered. Microsporidia have very few distinguishing characteristics which make them difficult to compare to other eukaryotes. They have a polar filament which is one distinguishing feature. This is their infection mechanism. They also have no mitochondria |
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How did we find out microsporidia were related to fungi? |
DNA came in that told us. |
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So if microsporidia have no mitochondria can they be ancient organisms that evolved before mitochondria(amitochondriate)? |
No, not if they evolved from fungi |
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What is the infective stage of the microsporidia like? |
it is a thick walled spore |
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What stage of microsporidia can survive outside the host? |
The thick walled spore, infective stage |
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What is the infective apparatus of microsporidia? |
polar filament |
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What is the polar filament of microsporidia like? |
long, coiled filament. Spore germinates, inflow of water causes pressure in the spore which ruptures the wall and forces the polar filament to eject. Turns inside out to form tube(becomes a projectile) |
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If the polar filament of microsporidia penetrates the host cell wall what does it do? |
it draws on the hosts nutrients. |
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What else can the microsporidia spores do to infect a host? |
They can be taken up by the host through phagocytosis. |
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What is the polar filament in this case used for if not used to penetrate the host cell wall? |
it is used to remove itself from the vacuole |
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How does the microsporidia interact with it's host? |
The interactions with the host is poorly understood but it generally causes a change in the host responses. |
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What is an example of some of these changes in the host responses? |
The host will surround with mitochondria that may supply it with energy. Or xenoma will occur which is a growth that will lead lead to multinucleated host cells and spore production. |
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What do microsporidia lack? |
they lack a lot of genes for metabolic pathways. |
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What genes for metabolic pathways do microsporidia lack? |
genes for amino acids, nucleotides, genes for central carbon metabolism which are required for glycolysis and energy production. |
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What kind of transporters proteins are found on the outer membrane of the parasite? |
ATP transporter proteins which obtain ATP from the host |
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Phylum Chytridiomycota |
-900species in 5 orders -grow aerobically in soil, mud, or water -posterior flagellum, a few with more than one flagella -reproduce by zoospores -consist of many saprotrophs; which use cellulose, chitin and keratin from decaying plant and animal debris -some chytrids can be parasites of filamentous algae and diatoms |
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What disease do chytrids causes? |
Black wart disease of the potato(synchytrium endobioticum) |
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What is another disease they cause? |
Olpidium brassicae, which is common in the roots of many plants(carry viruses) |
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What other diseases can they cause?> |
They can grow in the guts of some animals |
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What is in the walls of chytridiomycota? |
Chitin, found by x-ray diffraction and other techniques |
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What is the shape of the thallus(body) of chytrids? |
It can be spherical(contained within host). The thallus can become a whole reproductive structure as zoospores, gametes, or resting sporangia, like a fruiting body. |
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What is it called when the whole thallus becomes a fruiting body? |
Holocarpic |
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Does the thallus spend all of its time as a reproductive stage(fruiting body)? |
No it divides itself between reproductive and vegatative stages(it is both these stages at the same time) |
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What does the thallus do in the vegatative stage? |
It has rhizoids which are root liked branched hyphae that extract nutrients. |
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What does it mean to be eucarpic? |
Having only part of the thallus turn into a fruiting body |
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What does monocentric mean? |
1 sporangium |
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What does polycentric mean? |
more than 1 sporangium |
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Can some species be both monocentric and polycentric? |
yes |
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For monocentric species, what is the term for have rhizoids inside the host cell? |
epibiotic |
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For monocentric species what is the term to have the whole organism inside the host cell? |
Endobiotic |
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What is the shape of zoosporangia? |
-spherical or pear-shaped -one or more discharge tubes/openings(papillae -can be inoperculate(dont have opening) or operculate(having opening) |
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What is it called for haploid hyphae to produce gametes? |
gametothallic |
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What is it called for diploid hyphae to produce gametes? |
Sporothallic |
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Gametes can come in two sizes to reproduce by sexual reproduction, what is this called? |
anisogamy |
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What are the male gametes like in chytrids? |
Smaller, more motile and orange |
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What are the female gametes like in chytrids? |
Larger, less motile, store nutrients, clear |
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What is a gametothallus? |
Gamete producing thallus |
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What are hyphal chytrids called? |
Allomyces |
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Chytrids general info: -most have motile propagules(zoospores, gamete) -zoospores with posterior flagellum -chitin in cell walls -represent the ancestral line of organisms that evolved into the other groups of fungi -saprotrophic or parasitic forms |
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Kingdom fungi, phylum zygomycota -polyphyletic |
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Phylum zygomycota are terrestial fungi -they have no flagellated spores; 10k spores/cubic metre -mostly terrestial; hugely successful>100k species |
Zygomycota are terrestial fungi primarly -They had a radical shift to non-motile spores -Apparently works as a fungi and have a great range of environmental conditions from -5C to 60C -Have enzymes that can digest almost anything such as: chitin, keratin, cellulose, lignin, most organic matter: food, fabric paint |
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What are some biochemical properties of zygomycota that are utilized? |
-Beer wine, cheese, soy sauce -mushrooms, chaterelles, truffles, morels, -antibiotics and immune suppressants -biological control against insects and weeds |
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Zygomycota have the largest surface to volume ratio: which means a huge amount of recycling can be done. They have spores that can be produced in a matter of hours that are long lasting(dessication/starvation): that can last for months or years. Things that can move it are wind, water, animals. |
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Do zygomycota have septa? |
No, they are infact coenocytic fungi just like glomeromycota |
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Zygomycetes and glomeromycetes are coenocytic fungi(have no septa), while basidiomycetes and ascomycetes are dikaryotic fungi (have septa). |
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What is a disadvantage to being conenocytic in terms of cytoplasm? |
They are more vulnerable to cytoplasm loss when the hyphae are ruptured. Dikaryotic fungi have septa that create 'cells' and protect organism in case of ruptures. |
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What do coenocytic fungi assimilate on? |
Simple sugars and starch |
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What do dikaryotic fungi assimilate on? |
Lignin and cellulose |
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How do coenocytic fungi use nitrogen? |
They are limited in their use of nitrogen(only bacteria can fix nitrogen from the atmospere) |
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How do dikaryotic fungi use nitrogen? |
They have many ways they can assimilate nitrogen, such as from keratin in hair and skin. |
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What are some habitats of zygomycota? |
Fresh water, soil, and rumen of herbivore animals |
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Two major classes (several minor) in this Phylum currently: Class Zygomycetes: 900 species -Four orders: Mucorales, Entomophthorales, Kickxellales, Zoopagales: raised to uncertain status (polyphyletic) -Glomerales has been ‘promoted’ to Phylum status; no longer considered a Zygomycete |
Class Zygomycetes divided into five phyla; four of uncertain status (900 species): -Entomophthoromycotina: (Class Zygomycetes; Order Entomophthorales) -Kickxellomycotina: (Class Zygomycetes; Order Kickxellales) -Mucoromycotina: (Class Zygomycetes; Order Mucorales) -Zoopagomycotina: (Class Zygomycetes; Order Zoopagales) -Glymeromycota: (Class Zygomycetes; Order Glomales) |
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Class Zygomycetes: freshwater and soil organisms -Order Mucorales (Mucoromycotina): - Central column protrudes into sporangia - Mostly saprotrophic - Rhizopus and Mucor - Pilobolus: coprophilous -Order Entomophthorales (Entomophthoromycotina): -Grows into brain of flies; flies crawl to high point to die -Entomophthora |
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32-46 orders n stuff |
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The order Mucorales of zygomycetes have what kind of phototropism, geotropismm, and hydrotropism?(positive or negative) |
Positive, negative, negative |
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Name of the order of class zygomycetes that has septate hyphae and elaborate spores? |
kickxellales |
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Name of the order of class zygomycetes that are fly destroyers, they grow into brain of flies, flies crawl to high point and die? |
Order entomophothorales |
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Name of order of class zygomycetes that live in soil and dung and are also parasites of protozoa and nematodes? |
zoopalales |
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Name of class of zygomycota that are obligate parasites in guts of insects and arthropods that have a hair-like attachment? |
trichomycetes |
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What are some examples of mutualism in fungi? |
ectomycorrhizae, endomycorrhizaem, endophytic fungi, lichens |
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Where do ectomycorrhizaem fungi occur? |
Only on the outside of the root hairs, they form a sheath to penetrate the root hairs |
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In which type of environments do ectomycorrhizae fungi occur? |
in cold northern environments, very short season, little time for decay of plant material |
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How do ectomycorrhizae fungi work? |
They penetrate leaves which release peptidases which cleaves amino acids releasing nitrogen and also phosphates for plants to utilize via the hyphae of the ectomycorrhizae fungi |
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What is the ectomycorrhizae fungi considered in most temperate forests? |
The dominant nutrient gathering organs |
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Which fungi have ectomycorhizzae fungi? |
mostly basidiomycetes and ascomycetes |
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Where do endomycorrhizae occur mostly? |
Grasslands and tropical forests. Decomposition of the endomycorrhizae are fast. |
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How do endomycorrhizae work? |
They penetrate between the cells of the root and into the root cells |
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What do endomycorrhizae look like? |
They look like little trees, thus they are also named arbusuclar mycorrhizal fungi |
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What fungi do endomycorrhizae affect? |
Glomeromycota and zygomycota since almostall glomeromycota are considered zygomycetes |
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How many land plants have this association with endomycorrhiaze fungi? |
about 80% of land plants |
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What do Endomycorrhizae fungi(or AMF) supply plants with? and what do the plants supply the fungi with? |
AMF supply plants with phosphates, while plants supply fungi with a carbon source. |