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74 Cards in this Set

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Kingdom fungi, phylum microsporidia

-diverse group of obligate organisms


-1300 species in 160 genera


-poorly surveyed so not accurate


-infect animals


-commercially important animals


-bees, silk worms, salmon, domestic animals(cows)


-humans


-immune suppression







What are microsporidia thought to be in common with?

They are though to be in common with fish, insects, other invertebrates

What are they considered, protists, fungi,or?

Fungi. In 1857 the schizomycete fungi was discovered.




Microsporidia have very few distinguishing characteristics which make them difficult to compare to other eukaryotes.




They have a polar filament which is one distinguishing feature. This is their infection mechanism.




They also have no mitochondria



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How did we find out microsporidia were related to fungi?

DNA came in that told us.



So if microsporidia have no mitochondria can they be ancient organisms that evolved before mitochondria(amitochondriate)?

No, not if they evolved from fungi

What is the infective stage of the microsporidia like?

it is a thick walled spore

What stage of microsporidia can survive outside the host?

The thick walled spore, infective stage

What is the infective apparatus of microsporidia?

polar filament

What is the polar filament of microsporidia like?

long, coiled filament. Spore germinates, inflow of water causes pressure in the spore which ruptures the wall and forces the polar filament to eject. Turns inside out to form tube(becomes a projectile)

If the polar filament of microsporidia penetrates the host cell wall what does it do?

it draws on the hosts nutrients.

What else can the microsporidia spores do to infect a host?

They can be taken up by the host through phagocytosis.

What is the polar filament in this case used for if not used to penetrate the host cell wall?

it is used to remove itself from the vacuole

How does the microsporidia interact with it's host?

The interactions with the host is poorly understood but it generally causes a change in the host responses.

What is an example of some of these changes in the host responses?

The host will surround with mitochondria that may supply it with energy. Or xenoma will occur which is a growth that will lead lead to multinucleated host cells and spore production.

What do microsporidia lack?

they lack a lot of genes for metabolic pathways.

What genes for metabolic pathways do microsporidia lack?

genes for amino acids, nucleotides, genes for central carbon metabolism which are required for glycolysis and energy production.

What kind of transporters proteins are found on the outer membrane of the parasite?

ATP transporter proteins which obtain ATP from the host

Phylum Chytridiomycota

-900species in 5 orders


-grow aerobically in soil, mud, or water


-posterior flagellum, a few with more than one flagella


-reproduce by zoospores


-consist of many saprotrophs; which use cellulose, chitin and keratin from decaying plant and animal debris


-some chytrids can be parasites of filamentous algae and diatoms

What disease do chytrids causes?

Black wart disease of the potato(synchytrium endobioticum)

What is another disease they cause?

Olpidium brassicae, which is common in the roots of many plants(carry viruses)

What other diseases can they cause?>

They can grow in the guts of some animals

What is in the walls of chytridiomycota?

Chitin, found by x-ray diffraction and other techniques

What is the shape of the thallus(body) of chytrids?

It can be spherical(contained within host). The thallus can become a whole reproductive structure as zoospores, gametes, or resting sporangia, like a fruiting body.

What is it called when the whole thallus becomes a fruiting body?

Holocarpic

Does the thallus spend all of its time as a reproductive stage(fruiting body)?

No it divides itself between reproductive and vegatative stages(it is both these stages at the same time)

What does the thallus do in the vegatative stage?

It has rhizoids which are root liked branched hyphae that extract nutrients.

What does it mean to be eucarpic?

Having only part of the thallus turn into a fruiting body

What does monocentric mean?

1 sporangium

What does polycentric mean?

more than 1 sporangium

Can some species be both monocentric and polycentric?

yes

For monocentric species, what is the term for have rhizoids inside the host cell?

epibiotic

For monocentric species what is the term to have the whole organism inside the host cell?

Endobiotic

What is the shape of zoosporangia?

-spherical or pear-shaped


-one or more discharge tubes/openings(papillae


-can be inoperculate(dont have opening) or operculate(having opening)

What is it called for haploid hyphae to produce gametes?

gametothallic

What is it called for diploid hyphae to produce gametes?

Sporothallic

Gametes can come in two sizes to reproduce by sexual reproduction, what is this called?

anisogamy

What are the male gametes like in chytrids?

Smaller, more motile and orange

What are the female gametes like in chytrids?

Larger, less motile, store nutrients, clear

What is a gametothallus?

Gamete producing thallus

What are hyphal chytrids called?

Allomyces

Chytrids general info:




-most have motile propagules(zoospores, gamete)


-zoospores with posterior flagellum


-chitin in cell walls


-represent the ancestral line of organisms that evolved into the other groups of fungi


-saprotrophic or parasitic forms

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Kingdom fungi, phylum zygomycota


-polyphyletic

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Phylum zygomycota are terrestial fungi


-they have no flagellated spores; 10k spores/cubic metre


-mostly terrestial; hugely successful>100k species



Zygomycota are terrestial fungi primarly


-They had a radical shift to non-motile spores


-Apparently works as a fungi and have a great range of environmental conditions from -5C to 60C


-Have enzymes that can digest almost anything


such as:




chitin, keratin, cellulose, lignin, most organic matter: food, fabric paint



What are some biochemical properties of zygomycota that are utilized?

-Beer wine, cheese, soy sauce


-mushrooms, chaterelles, truffles, morels,


-antibiotics and immune suppressants


-biological control against insects and weeds

Zygomycota have the largest surface to volume ratio: which means a huge amount of recycling can be done.


They have spores that can be produced in a matter of hours that are long lasting(dessication/starvation): that can last for months or years. Things that can move it are wind, water, animals.

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Do zygomycota have septa?

No, they are infact coenocytic fungi just like glomeromycota



Zygomycetes and glomeromycetes are coenocytic fungi(have no septa), while basidiomycetes and ascomycetes are dikaryotic fungi (have septa).

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What is a disadvantage to being conenocytic in terms of cytoplasm?

They are more vulnerable to cytoplasm loss when the hyphae are ruptured. Dikaryotic fungi have septa that create 'cells' and protect organism in case of ruptures.

What do coenocytic fungi assimilate on?

Simple sugars and starch

What do dikaryotic fungi assimilate on?

Lignin and cellulose

How do coenocytic fungi use nitrogen?

They are limited in their use of nitrogen(only bacteria can fix nitrogen from the atmospere)

How do dikaryotic fungi use nitrogen?

They have many ways they can assimilate nitrogen, such as from keratin in hair and skin.

What are some habitats of zygomycota?

Fresh water, soil, and rumen of herbivore animals

Two major classes (several minor) in this Phylum currently:




Class Zygomycetes: 900 species


-Four orders: Mucorales, Entomophthorales, Kickxellales, Zoopagales: raised to uncertain status (polyphyletic)




-Glomerales has been ‘promoted’ to Phylum status; no longer considered a Zygomycete

Class Zygomycetes divided into five phyla; four of uncertain status (900 species):




-Entomophthoromycotina: (Class Zygomycetes; Order Entomophthorales)




-Kickxellomycotina: (Class Zygomycetes; Order Kickxellales)




-Mucoromycotina: (Class Zygomycetes; Order Mucorales)




-Zoopagomycotina: (Class Zygomycetes; Order Zoopagales)




-Glymeromycota: (Class Zygomycetes; Order Glomales)

Class Zygomycetes: freshwater and soil organisms


-Order Mucorales (Mucoromycotina):


- Central column protrudes into sporangia - Mostly saprotrophic


- Rhizopus and Mucor


- Pilobolus: coprophilous




-Order Entomophthorales (Entomophthoromycotina):


-Grows into brain of flies; flies crawl to high point to die


-Entomophthora

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32-46 orders n stuff

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The order Mucorales of zygomycetes have what kind of phototropism, geotropismm, and hydrotropism?(positive or negative)

Positive, negative, negative

Name of the order of class zygomycetes that has septate hyphae and elaborate spores?

kickxellales

Name of the order of class zygomycetes that are fly destroyers, they grow into brain of flies, flies crawl to high point and die?

Order entomophothorales

Name of order of class zygomycetes that live in soil and dung and are also parasites of protozoa and nematodes?

zoopalales

Name of class of zygomycota that are obligate parasites in guts of insects and arthropods that have a hair-like attachment?

trichomycetes

What are some examples of mutualism in fungi?

ectomycorrhizae, endomycorrhizaem, endophytic fungi, lichens

Where do ectomycorrhizaem fungi occur?

Only on the outside of the root hairs, they form a sheath to penetrate the root hairs

In which type of environments do ectomycorrhizae fungi occur?

in cold northern environments, very short season, little time for decay of plant material

How do ectomycorrhizae fungi work?

They penetrate leaves which release peptidases which cleaves amino acids releasing nitrogen and also phosphates for plants to utilize via the hyphae of the ectomycorrhizae fungi

What is the ectomycorrhizae fungi considered in most temperate forests?

The dominant nutrient gathering organs

Which fungi have ectomycorhizzae fungi?

mostly basidiomycetes and ascomycetes

Where do endomycorrhizae occur mostly?

Grasslands and tropical forests. Decomposition of the endomycorrhizae are fast.

How do endomycorrhizae work?

They penetrate between the cells of the root and into the root cells

What do endomycorrhizae look like?

They look like little trees, thus they are also named arbusuclar mycorrhizal fungi

What fungi do endomycorrhizae affect?

Glomeromycota and zygomycota since almostall glomeromycota are considered zygomycetes

How many land plants have this association with endomycorrhiaze fungi?

about 80% of land plants

What do Endomycorrhizae fungi(or AMF) supply plants with? and what do the plants supply the fungi with?

AMF supply plants with phosphates, while plants supply fungi with a carbon source.