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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is temperature
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measure of molecular velocities
(i) vibrate in rigid solids, (ii) roll in liquids, and (iii) fly about freely & randomly in gases. |
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who and when created all of the different degree systems
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• Gabriel Fahrenheit invented the modern mercury thermometer in 1714 and the F scale in 1724.
• Anders Celsius invented the centigrade scale in 1742. • Lord William Thomson Kelvin invented the K scale in 1848. |
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fundamental science concept
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When any substance or object absorbs radiation (radiant energy) it alters the radiation internally and begins to increase in temperature.
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layers of the atmosphere
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1. Troposphere 2. Stratosphere 3. Mesosphere 4. Thermosphere
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troposphere
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-lowest atmospheric layer- contains all weather
-thinnest layer, contains 80% of atmospheric mass -steady temp decrease with height(6.5C/KM)- -higher temp in lower troposphere- imply its heated from below by terestrial radiation absorption |
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tropopause
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top of the tropopsphere- roughly 16km high over the tropics and about 1/2 that at the poles
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stratosphere
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-Virtually no weather
-Contains the ozone layer lying at an altitude between 20-30 km (12-18 mi), actual concentration of ozone can be as high as 10 ppm. -Temperature generally increases with height after an initial layer of constant temperature with height |
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why does stratosphere get warmer with elevation
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absorption of radiant, ozone gas absorbs dangerous solar uv radiation and gets warm. process shields life on earth's surface from cancers
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temperature inversion
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ozone induced, prevents rising air in the troposphere from escaping into space, and tropospheric thunderstorms
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variable gas
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-stratospheric ozone varies spatially
-little ozone over antartica and australia in S late winter and spring australia |
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ozone hole over south pole
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-region of exceptionally depleted ozone in the stratosphere over antartica
-only august-october -dark blue and purple indicate lack of ozone in the atmosphere -stratospheric ozone is destroyed by chlorine based molecules(CFCs) - which were in spray cans and ACS from 60s-80s internatl agreement of montreal agreement, protocol of 1987 banned cfcs |
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mesosphere and thermosphere
m: t: |
-combined- .1% of actual total atmospheric, contain both ions and are layers of aurora and meteors
-coldest layer, extends to about 80 km, temp decreases w/ height -slowly merges w/ interplanetary space and characeized by increasing temp w/ height |
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ionosphere
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-part of meso and thermosphere- contains electrically charged ions
-subdivided into D,E,F layers with increasing height |
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magnetosphere
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earth generates own magnetic field b/c
- rotates - hot molten core churning around protects planets from solar wind of high speed electrically charged particles |
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aurora borealis
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northern lights
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aurora australis
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southern lights
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extreme solar wind storms
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particle discharges from the sun can cause electrical disturbances on earth
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1859 solar superstorm
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produced aurora into the tropics and telegraph could be transmitted through the air for a brief period
- one in 500 year event - lloyds of london: today would produce 2.6 trill in damage - electrical grid and gps satellite would be destroyed - 1989- quebec blackout... mini blackout |
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meteor trails
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form as interplanetary dust,
comet debris heats up with frictional contact with air molecules |
