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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cross-cultural literacy |
- How cultural differences across and and within nations can affect how business is practiced |
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What is culture? |
- System of values and norms that are shared among a group of people and constitute a design for living |
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What are values and norms? |
- Values: provide context within which a society's norms are established and justified - Norms: social rules that govern actions of people toward one another Folkways: routine conventions of everyday life Mores: seen as central to functioning of society and social life |
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The determinants of culture diagram |
- Middle: culture, norms and value systems - Surrounded by: Religion Political Philosophy Economic Philosophy Education Language Social Structure |
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Social structure |
- depends on individual vs. collective emphasis and degree which stratified into classes or castes |
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In societies where the individual is emphasized... |
- Individual achievement, entrepreneurship promoted - Encourage job-switching, competition rather than team-building, lack of loyalty |
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In societies where the group is emphasized... |
- Cooperation and teamwork encouraged - Lifetime employment common - Individual initiative and creativity may be suppressed |
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What is the significance of social stratification for businesses? |
- Class consciousness: where people tend to perceive themselves in terms of their background, and this shapes their perceptions of others |
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Religion - Christianity |
- Most widely practiced religion - Protestant work ethic (work, wealth creation, frugality) driving force of capitalism |
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Islam |
- People do not own property; act as stewards for god and must take care of what they have been entrusted with - No exploitation |
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Hinduism |
- Value spiritual rather than material achievements - Promotion, new responsibilities may not be goal of employee; caste issues |
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Buddhism |
- Spiritual growth and afterlife rather than achievement in this world - Does not support caste system so mobility |
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Confucianism |
- Attain personal salvation through right action - Loyalty, reciprocal obligations, and honesty |
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Language |
- Spoken, unspoken (non-verbal cues, facial expressions) - More than one language can often mean more than one culture |
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Education |
- Education can give competitive advantage in the market or make it a more attractive place to expand business - General education level of a country good indicator of types of products or marketing that might be successful |
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Hofstede - four dimensions summarizing different cultures |
1. Power distance 2. Individualism vs. collectivism 3. Uncertainty avoidance 4. Masculinity vs femininity Later added 5. confucian dynamism |
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Define the previous four |
1. Power distance - how society deals with the fact that people are unequal in physical and intellectual capabilities 2. Individualism vs collectivism 3. Uncertainty avoidance - how different culture socialize their members into accepting and tolerating ambiguity 4. Masculinity vs femininity - relationship between gender and work roles 5. confucian dynamism: attitudes towards time, persistence, order by status, protection of face, respect for tradition, gifts and favours |
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ethnocentric behaviour |
- belief in the superiority of one's own culture |
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Implications for managers |
1. Need to develop cross-cultural literacy 2. Connection between culture and national competitive advantage (viable competitors, choice of locating production facilities) 3. ethical decision-making |
