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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Mutualism
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Mutualism is an interaction between two organisms where both species benefit from the relationship.
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Symbiosis
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An interaction between two organisms where at least one of the species benefits from the relationship.
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Commensalism
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An interaction between two species in which only one species benefits and the other one is not affected.
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Parasitism
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Parasitism results when one species benefits from the interaction while the other organism is harmed.
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What is the animal cell membrane composed of?
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1. phospholipids
2. cholesterol 3. protein |
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What are the functions of the cell membrane?
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1. regulation of cell-cell interactions
2. maintenance of cellular structural integrity 3. ligand (i.e., hormone, neurotransmitter) recognition |
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What is the function of lysosomes?
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Lysosomes are intracellular organelles responsible for macromolecule digestion.
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What is the function of peroxisomes?
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Peroxisomes contain hydrogen peroxide and are involved in cellular detoxification.
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What is the function of the ER?
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The ER synthesizes protein and steroids.
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What is the main action of ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme)?
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Increase the concentration of AII.
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Parasympathetic nerves:
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1. decrease the HR
2. constrict the eye 3. stimulate salivation and overall digestion |
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The sympathetic nervous system has a short... neuron and a long... neuron.
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The sympathetic nervous system has a short PREGANGLIONIC neuron and a long POSTGANGLIONIC neuron.
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The parasympathetic nervous system has a short... neuron and a long... neuron.
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The parasympathetic nervous system has a short POSTGANGLIONIC neuron and a long PREGANGLIONIC neuron.
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Renin cleaves...
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angiotensinogen into AI.
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AI is converted into AII by...
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angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
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AII stimulates...
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the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex.
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Most viruses acquire their envelopes from the...., while HSV-1 acquires its glycoprotein-covered envelope from...
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Most viruses acquire their envelopes from the PLASMA MEMBRANE, while HSV-1 acquires its envelope from the NUCLEAR MEMBRANE AFTER TRANSCRIPTION.
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Unsaturated:Saturated fatty acid ratio will be lower at...
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at lower temperatures.
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Surfactant is...
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a mixture of lipids and proteins that coat the inner surface of the lungs.
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Respiratory distress syndrome occurs in premature neonates who...
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lack proper surfactant concentration.
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Bacterial growth curve...
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lag phase->log phase->stationary/plateau phase-> death phase
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Blood plasma is...
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blood and all of its components minus the RBCs.
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Chronological order of events during a viral infection... (APUV)
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1. attachment
2. penetration 3. uncoating 4. viral synthesis |
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Transformation...
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Transformation involves the acquisition of DNA from the environment
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Conjugation...
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Conjugation is the acquisition of DNA directly from another bacterium via sex pili.
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Transduction...
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Transduction is defined as DNA acquisition via a bacteriophage intermediate; a virus transfers DNA between host cells.
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The intermembrane space of mitochondria has a... H+ ion concentration and thus a... pH
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high, low
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The inter-cristal space (mitochondrial matrix) houses a... H+ ion concentration.
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low
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Endocytosis requires the presence of...
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cell surface receptors to initiate an ATP-dependent recognition sequence (utilizes cell membrane-derived vesicles to release nutrient monomers and other items necessary for cellular growth and development)
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Lipid-soluble hormones:
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1. aldosterone
2. estrogen 3. testosterone 4. cortisol |
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ACE inhibitors
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ACE inhibitors:
1. block the conversion of AI to AII 2.increase natriuresis (increase excretion of sodium in the urine) 3. lower arteriolar resistance and increase venous return 4. increase cardiac output and cardiac index |
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ACE inhibitors
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ACE inhibitors:
1. block the conversion of AI to AII 2.increase natriuresis (increase excretion of sodium in the urine) 3. lower arteriolar resistance and increase venous return 4. increase cardiac output and cardiac index |
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Aldosterone is released from...
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the zona glomerulosa in the adrenal cortex.
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ADH is made in the... and released from the...
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ADH is made in the HYPOTHALAMUS and released from the POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND.
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