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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are algae? |
Algae are simple plants that can range from the microscopic (microalgae), to large seaweeds (macroalgae), such as giant kelp more than one hundred feet in length. -Microalgae include both cyanobacteria, (similar to bacteria, and formerly called “blue-green algae”) as well as green, brown and red algae. -all eukaryotic, photosynthetic |
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what is symbioses? |
a mutually beneficial relationship between two organisms. -example: lichens, a combo of algae and fungi -each organism is capable of self-sufficiency but they perform much better when together |
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describe the ancestral eukaryote? |
it had a nucleus but no mitochondria and no chloroplasts -both mitochondrion and chloroplasts were free-living bacteria that were eaten but no digested by these ancestral eukaryotes |
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What does endosymbiont mean? |
organism lives inside host and is completely dependent upon the host for survival -the mitcho and chloro became endosymbionts of the eurkayotes |
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How did mito and chloro change once they became endosymbionts? |
-they lost most of there DNA and their functions were taken over by the cell -the mitcho enhance aerobic respiration and the chloro provided the ability for the plant to photosynthesize -this allowed more energy for the cel which allowed it to grow into more complex, multi-cellular structures. |
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what is Cyanobacteria? |
also known as blue-green algae, considered to be the free-floating ancestor of the chloroplast |
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what is the defining feature of the photosynthetic plant lifestyle? |
the chloroplasts |
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what are all all organisms with a chloroplast considered? |
-plants |
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what about parasitic plants that do not photosynthesize? |
they are still plants as they still have chloroplasts, even though the chloroplasts are not functional. |
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Discuss Red Lineage algae |
-Chlorophyl A, no flagella, a starch, phycobilisomes -one of the largest and oldest groups of eukaryotic algae -often found in form of multicellular marine algae (coral reef mushrooms, or symbiotic coral/algae relationship) -used to fertilize some crops but mostly humans don't do much with it |
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Discuss green lineage algae |
-Chlorophyll A, 2 whiplash flagella, true starch, phycobilisomes -includes unicellular flagellates as well as multicellular seaweeds, (parasol algae which could be imp. example as it is a single-celled organisms but is very complex) and sea lettuce |
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Discuss brown lineage algae? |
-Chlorophyll A + C, 1 whiplash flagellum + 1 tinsel flagellum, laminarin, NO phycobilisomes -this is multicellular algae distinguished by having chloroplasts that are surrounded by 4 membranes -part of the heterokonts (which are a large group that has multiple divisions (unlike red/green algae) -examples: giant kelp, diatoms, dinoflagellates (responsible for red tide) and crytophytes |
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Discuss Grey-green lineage algae |
-Chlorophyl A, 2 whiplash flagellum, true starch, phycobilisomes |
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What colour of algae falls in a number of distinct groups? |
Brown lineage algae |
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what is the "rainforest of the temperate waters" referring to? |
-giant kelp which is brown lineage |
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what are diatoms? |
single-celled and cover themselves in a glass box of silica, that reproduce into all sort of different shapes |
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why are diatoms important? |
the boxes don't disappear so you can better establish what an environment used to be like -they have hugggge scientific and economic value |
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What is euglena? |
A fresh water algae but is unlike main green lineage in its chemical composition -thought to have evolved from green lineage algae -has chloroplasts but also eats some nutrients |
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What is chlorarachniophyte? |
can photosynthesize and also ingot bacteria/protists -chloroplasts have 4 membranes, indicating an ancestral cell ingested a green lagae |
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What is secondary endosymbionts? |
-when a eukaryote cell engulfs another eukaryote cell that has undergone primary endosymbiosis. |
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what is the main difference between endosymbiosis and secondary endosymbiosis? |
The main difference between is that after the cell is engulfed it becomes dependent on the larger cell. It cannot leave and return to its original state. |
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What does it mean when a chloroplast has 3 or 4 membranes? |
that they have undergone secondary endosymbiosis -the eukaryote has already been absorbed by a green alga |
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Describe the 4 membranes? |
1. the original bacterial membrane 2. surrounding outer chloroplast membrane from original endosymbiosis 3. the outer membrane of the swallowed eukaryotic algae 4. the surrounding membrane from being wallowed by the new host cell |
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name the primary endosybionts? |
1. red lineage 2. grey-green lineage 3. green linear (but NOT euglenas, chlorarachniophytes) |
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name the secondary endosymbionts? |
brown lineage : kelps, diatoms, dinoflagellates, crypto monads) -a eurkaryotic alga absorbes a red alga and ends up with chloroplasts hat have 4 membranes.-they have a "nucleomorph" |
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what is a unikont? |
A eukaryotic cell with a single flagellum; thought to be the ancestor of all animals |
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what is a bikont? |
A eukaryotic cell with two flagella; thought to be the ancestor of all plants |
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what are examples of unicellular organisms that are considered animal-like? |
-foraminifera and radiolaria (bikont uni-cells related to chlorarachniophytes) -paramecium (a ciliate) and plasmodium (the malaria bug) [bikony unicelles related to dinoflagellates] |
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what are examples of unicellular organisms that are unikonts? (never plants) |
-amoebas and choasnoflagellates. |
