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10 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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In what animals does Chediak Higashi syndrome occur? What cells are affected? How do we diagnose it?
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CHEDIAK HIGASHI SYNDROME
-Hereford cattle & blue smoke Persian cats -abnormally large granules in neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, platelets, and elarged melanin granules -the enlarged granules are melanosomes (melanocytes), lysosomes (many cel types), cytoplasmic granules (fused primary and secondary granules in neutrophils) -the abnormal granules are more fragile rupturing spontaneously and causing tissue damage -affected leukocytes don't function normally -animals are more susceptible to tumors and infections -bleeding tendency and ocular abnormalities DIAGNOSIS -examine hair shafts (enlarged melanin granules) -blood smear |
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What is Pelger Huet anaomly? Is it clinically significant?
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PELGER HUET ANAMOLY
-failure of granulocyte nuclei to segment into lobes -nuclei are large, plump hyposegmented -animals have a persistent left shift -no affect on health |
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What is Canine & Bovine Leukocyte deficiency caused by? What breeds?
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CANINE LEUKOCYTE ADHESION DEFICIENCY (CLAD) and BOVINE LEUKOCYTE ADHESION DEFICIENCY
-autosomal recessive mutation in gene encoding for CD11/18 (β2 microglobulin), which mediated adhesion to the vascular endothelium for leukocytes to migrate out -animals have recurrent infections & larger numbers of neutrophils in their blood stream -Irish Wolfhounds and Holstein cows -see impaired pus formation in dogs |
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What is Canine Cyclical haematopoiesis?
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CANINE CYCLICAL HAEMATOPOIESIS
-affects collies (gray collie syndrome or cyclic neutropenia) -trilineage cycling of blood cells with deficits more apparent in neutrophils (the other cell types have longer lifespans) -loss of neutrophils every 11-12 days and lasts for about 3 days -animals have increased susceptibility to infections -cyclic refers to the appearance of neutropenia alternating with rebounding neutrophilia -dilution of skin pigmentation (silver-grey color) -puppies only survive a few days |
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What causes Severe Combined Immunodeficiency in horses? dogs? What breeds? What do we see histologically? What infections do we see in dogs?
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SEVERE COMBINED IMMUNODEFICIENCY
A) HORSES -Arabian horses -mutation of gene DNA PKcs -failure to produce functional T or B cells -profound lymphopenia -once maternal antibodies fade they cannot produce their own Ab so there is agammaglobulinemia -die at 4-6 months of age -spleen & lymph nodes lack germinal centers -lymph node paracortex is depleted -thymus is hypoplastic and difficult to find -autosomal recessive B) DOGS -basset hounds and Corgi dogs -at 6-8 weeks maternal antibody declines & animal develop infections -common infections include canine distemper, parvovirus, staphylococci, and cryptosporidium -mutation is in the gene encoding for IL-2R -X-linked, only males -decreased number of CD8+ T cells, normal B cells |
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What is agammaglobulinemia? What selective immunoglobulin deficiencies can occur?
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AGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA
-rare -thoroughbred, quarterhorse, standardbred -only males, inheritance not known -no identifiable B cells and very low levels of all immunoglobulins -lymphoid tissue contains no germinal centers and plasma cells SELECTIVE IMMUNOGLOBULIN DEFICIENCIES -horses & dogs -selective IgM and IgA deficiencies -may not result in clinical signs until there is degradation of passively transferred maternal antibodies |
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What causes Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Disease? What are the stages? Why does cytopenia occur? What do we see on CBC? What are the clinical signs?
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FELINE IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS DISEASE
-retrovirus (RNA virus), Lentivirus -depletion of CD4+ T Lymphocytes (Defect in cell mediated immunity) -secondary infections -transmitted by blood/saliva (bite wound, grooming), and can be transmitted in utero -lifelong infection -vaccination (doesn't work, because there are several strains) STAGES: 1. Acute phase - some young cats die -several weeks -severity depends on age -lymphadenopathy (immune response) -slight increase in CD8 lymphocytes (leukocytosis) -difficult to identify in this stage 2. Asymptomatic carrier -months to years -healthy -not enough CD4+ lymphocytes depleted to notice clinical signs 3. Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy (submandibular, scapular, popliteal) -non-specific signs of illness (weightloss, large lymph nodes, stomatitis, anemia, leukopenia) -majority of cases are presented to vets when at this stage -susceptible to secondary infections eg. respiratory infections, calcivirus, herpes 4. Terminal AIDS-like phase -lasts <1 year -opportunistic infections -miscellaneous disorders including neoplasia Peripheral BLOOD Cytopenia (leukopenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia): Caused by: -FIV infects hematopoietic precursors and bone marrow stromal cells -stromal compartment of BM affected, so microenvironment for hematopoietic cells affected -FIV related immune modulation --> immune mediated destruction of RBCs CBC: -anemia (+/-) non-regenerative -mycoplasma haemofelis (+/-) -leukocytsis (early stages), leukopenia (late stages) -left shift (early stages), neutropenia (late stages) -increased globulins (hyperglobulinemia in early stages), usually polyclonal CLINICAL SIGNS: -stomatitis gingivitis -lymphoplasmic stomatitis --> most cases associated with FIV -weightloss, ulceration of oral cavity, halitosis (calcivirus and certain bacterial infections) -pool coat quality TYPICAL SECONDARY/OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS/CONDITIONS -Stomatitis/gingivitis -toxoplasma gondii (brain) -cryptococcus sp. -mycoplasma haemofelis (anemia) -calcivirus -herpes virus (URT infection) -neurological disease -lymphoma (B cell, extranodal) |
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What causes Feline Leukemia Virus Infection?
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FELINE LEUKEMIA VIRUS (FeLV) INFECTION
-retrovirus (RNA virus), Lentivirus -transmitted with blood/saliva (bite wound), direct contact, in utero -lifelong infection, only 25% develop it -the virus establishes a peristent infection of bone marrow cells, in particular T lymphocytes (virus requires rapidly diving cells or successful replication) -non-regenerative anemia |
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What diseases are associated with FeLV infection?
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-neoplasia (myelo- and lymphoproliferative diseases)
-anemia -immunosuppression (secondary infections) ie. mycoplasma haemofelis, toxoplasma sp. Thymic lymphoma: -30% of FeLV+ cats will develop lymphoma or leukemia -50% of thymic lymphomas are associated with FeLV |
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What causes secondary immunodeficiencies?
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Malnutrition, irradiation, chemotherapy, corticosteroids, aging
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