Lecture 20: Pneumotropic And Dermotropic Viral Diseases

Front 1

The influenza virion belongs to the _____ family of viruses.

Back 1

Orthomyxoviridae

Front 2

_____ surrounds each helix

Back 2

capsid

Front 3

______ surrounds the core of segments

Back 3

matrix protein

Front 4

_____ surrounds matrix protein

Back 4

envelope

Front 5

Projecting from the envelope is a series of spikes that contain ______

Back 5

glycoprotein

Front 6

H spike stands for ____

Back 6

hemaglutinin

Front 7

what does the H spike do?

Back 7

facilitates the attachment of influenza viruses to ciliated epithelial cells

Front 8

What does N spike stand for?

Back 8

Neuraminidase

Front 9

What does Neuraminidase do?

Back 9

assists the entry of the virion into the host cell for replication and exits from the host cell when replication is complete. (entry/exit). snips sialic acid (your own cells) from carbohydrate on cell membrane.

Front 10

Neuraminidase snips ______ from carbohydrate on cell membrane

Back 10

sialic acid

Front 11

Three strains of influenza virus are recognized: A, B, C. THese types are based on ____

Back 11

Hemaglutinin (H) and Neuraminidase (N)

Front 12

Name one type of influenza

Back 12

A(H3N2)

Front 13

_____ changes are responsible for recurring flu epidemics

Back 13

antigenic

Front 14

How is the influenza virus transmitted?

Back 14

airborne droplets

Front 15

What happens after H binds to epithelial cell receptors and N assists entry?

Back 15

viral envelope fuses with host cell membrane and the virus enters host cell

Front 16

After H binds epithelial cell receptor and N assists entry, viral envelope fuses with host cell membrane and the virus enters host cell. What does the virus then do?

Back 16

Virus then replicates, assembles, buds, spreads to nearby cells in about 6 hours

Front 17

After H binds epithelial cell receptor and N assists entry, viral envelope fuses with host cell membrane and the virus enters host cell. Virus then replicates, assembles, buds, spreads to nearby cells in about 6 hours. Then what?

Back 17

Infected cells die, slough off and destroy mucosal escalator.

Front 18

After an incubation period of 2 days, what symptoms appear?

Back 18

Body aches, chills, high fever, nasal congestion, tight chest b/c of viral invasion of trachea/bronchi

Front 19

THe Influenza virus is usually a _____ disease (7-10 days)

Back 19

self-limiting

Front 20

One complication of influenza is secondary infections. Name three opportunistic bacteria that cause this.

Back 20

Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae

Front 21

Name two syndromes which are serious complications of influenza

Back 21

Guillain-Barre Syndrome
Reyes Syndrome

Front 22

The Guillain-Barre syndrome is characterized by what three things?

Back 22

paralysis
nerve damage
coma

Front 23

Reyes Syndrome is related to ____ and ___

Back 23

kids and aspirin

Front 24

What is REyes Syndrome characterized by?

Back 24

elevated fever, lots of vomiting, lethargy. kids are glassy-eyed and incoherent

Front 25

Instead of using aspirin, use ______ with kids

Back 25

acetaminophen

Front 26

Both Guillain-Barre Syndrome and Reyes Syndrome are not a direct result of the virus. They are a side effect of ____

Back 26

immune response

Front 27

What is the drug used to treat influenza that interferes with the uncoating of virus?

Back 27

amantadine (symmetrel)

Front 28

What two drugs that are neuraminidase inhbitors are used to treat influenza? They block the relase of virus from host cell.

Back 28

Zanamivir (Relenza)
Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)

*These drugs target the neuraminidase spikes projecting from the influenza virus envelope and block the release of influenza A and B virus particles from infected cells.

Front 29

What is the best prevention of influenza?

Back 29

vaccine

Front 30

Vaccine is _____/______ viruses

Back 30

inactivated/attenuated

Front 31

The influenza viruses are cultivated on ____

Back 31

eggs

Front 32

______ requires new vaccination every year

Back 32

antigenic variation

Front 33

The Respiratory Syncytial (RS) virus is an enveloped single-stranded RNA virion of the _____ family

Back 33

Paramyxoviridae

Front 34

The Respiratory syncytial virus is helical, (s) ssRNA, enveloped virus that is transmitted by airborne droplets. It infects cells of ______

Back 34

bronchioles/air sacs

Front 35

Respiratory syncytial virus infects cells of bronchioles/air sacs. The bronchioles/air sacs cells fuse and form giant multinucleate cells called _____ that function abnormally, die, and slough off

Back 35

syncytia

Front 36

What happens after syncytia are formed and sloughed off?

Back 36

inflammation results-blocking bronchioles and causing wheezing

Front 37

The common cold is caused by many different viruses. Name the two main ones and 4 others

Back 37

1) Rhinoviruses
2) Adenoviruses

coxsackie
corona
echoviruse
reoviruses

Front 38

Rhinoviruses have what shape?

Back 38

icosahedral

Front 39

Rhinoviruses are icosahedral viruses of what family?

Back 39

picornaviridae

Front 40

Rhinoviruses are a group of ____ viruses with >115 distinct serotypes

Back 40

ssRNA

Front 41

What does the rhinovirus target and why?

Back 41

nose a target because temperature lower than the rest of the body

Front 42

What shape does the adenoviruses have?

Back 42

icosahedral

Front 43

Adenoviruses are icosahedral viruses of what family?

Back 43

adenoviridiae

Front 44

Adenoviruses are a group of ____ viruses with >45 distinct serotypes

Back 44

dsDNA

*DOUBLE STRANDED

Front 45

Rhinoviruses and adenoviruses both cause _____ or ____

Back 45

common cold or head cold

Front 46

What are the common symptoms of the common cold or head cold?

Back 46

headache, chills, dry scratchy throat, runny nose

Front 47

What symptoms are characteristic of the adenovirus infection?

Back 47

high fever, swollen lymph nodes, and gunk on throat surface

Front 48

In rhinovirus infections, are fevers less substantial than in adenovirus infections?

Back 48

yes

Front 49

How does the body fight infections of the common cold?

Back 49

interferons and specific immune response

Front 50

Adenovirus targets the lungs. It is a vehical for gene therapy patients with _____

Back 50

cystic fibrosis

Front 51

How have adenoviruses developed a more positive image?

Back 51

THey have become vectors (carriers) for genes during gene therapy experiments. Researchers made adenoviruses incapable of replication, then reengineered them with a collection of genes to help control cystic fibrosis (CF). The genetically altered viruses ferried the helpful genes into the respiratory cells of CF patients, where they encoded proteins to help clear away the mucus and sticky material accumulating in the airways.

Front 52

Name 5 things for 'cures' and prevention

Back 52

1) block the door knob
2) decoy
3) killer kleenex
4) vitamin C
5) wash hands!

Front 53

block the door knob. identify receptors in nose and make ______

Back 53

antibodies to receptors and block viral attachment

Front 54

decoy. make copies of receptors to ____

Back 54

bind viruses before binding receptors on nose

Front 55

What is killer kleenex?

Back 55

tissue sandwich with acid substance in the middle that kill viruses on contact

Front 56

Vitamin C stimulates ____, strengthens _____, prevents _____

Back 56

stimulates interferon production, strengthens collagen, prevents infection of neighboring cells

Front 57

What does SARS stand for?

Back 57

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

Front 58

Scientists have identified in SARS patients a previously unrecognized coronavirus, which they named the SARS coronavirus. How is this abreviated?

Back 58

SARS-CoV

coronavirus is something that normally cuases the common cold

Front 59

SARS-CoV is a _____ (- or +; ss or ds; RNA or DNA) virus

Back 59

+ssRNA

Front 60

SARS-CoV is a coronavirus (+)ssRNA virus of what family?

Back 60

coronaviridiae

Front 61

How is SARS transmitted?

Back 61

airborne transmission, close contact with patient, fomites

Front 62

What are the symptoms of SARS?

Back 62

fever greater than 38oC, headache, malaise. after 2-7 days, SARS patients may develop a dry cough and have trouble breathing

Front 63

Since SARS is a newly emerging disease, treatment options remains unclear. What are two treatments that have been tried?

Back 63

antivirals
steroids

Front 64

What are the 4 pneumotropic diseases?

Back 64

1) influenza virus (+ guillain Barre Syndrome and Reyes Syndrome)
2)Respiratory Syncytial Disease
3)Common Cold
4)SARS

Front 65

The Herpes Simplex Viruses belong to what family?

Back 65

Herpesviridae

Front 66

The Herpes Simplex Viruses are _____(+,-; ss,ds;RNA,DNA) icosahedral virions enveloped with spikes.

Back 66

+ dsDNA

Front 67

What is characteristic of Type I Herpes Simplex Viruses?

Back 67

Cold sores, above the waist

Front 68

What is characteristic of Type II Herpes Simplex Viruses?

Back 68

results in genital herpes, below the waist

Front 69

How is Herpes SImplex VIruses transmitted?

Back 69

by contact

Front 70

Describe the pathogenicity of the Herpes Simplex Viruses

Back 70

- Virions bind to receptors on epithelial cells.
- infect and multiply
- infected cells die, creating sores and blisters.

Front 71

VIrions ind receptors on epthelial cells. Infect and multiply. Infected cells die, creating sores and blisters. Afterwards, virus becomes latent and retreats into ____

Back 71

nerves

Front 72

After Herpes Simplex virus becomes latent and retreats into nerves, it can be reactivated by what?

Back 72

stress, sunburn, fever, emotional upset

Front 73

Physicians recognize many manifestations of herpes simplex infection, including cold sores, the unsightly lesions that form around the ____ and ____

Back 73

lips and nose

Front 74

a series of cold sores of the throat

Back 74

gingivostomatitis

Front 75

infection of cornea. major cause of blindness in young adults.

Back 75

herpes keratitis

Front 76

disorder of olfactory nerves, results in brain disease. mental impairment, blindness, convulsions, can be fatal.

Back 76

herpes encephalitis

Front 77

herpes encephalitis transmitted to newborn, can be fatal. C-section/vidarabine recommended for pregnant women with herpes.

Back 77

neonatal herpes

Front 78

sores below the waist

Back 78

genital herpes

Front 79

a guanine derivative and a base analog that interferes with viral replication

Back 79

acyclovir

Front 80

Mechanism of acyclovir. _______ from virus converts nucleoside to nucleotide, or acyclovir to false nucleotide

Back 80

thymidine kinase

Front 81

thymidine kinase adds ____

Back 81

phosphate

Front 82

What doesn't acyclovir have?

Back 82

acyclovir doesn't have the proper chemical group to attach any more nucleotides; thus; elongation of DNA comes to a halt

Front 83

Describe the mode of action of acyclovir

Back 83

Acyclovir interferes with the replication of herpesviruses. (a) The enzyme thymidine kinase functions by combining phosphate groups with sugar-base combinations (nucleosides) to form nucleotides. Acyclovir resembles nucleosides, and the enzyme mistakenly adds phosphate groups to the acyclovir to form a false nucleotide. (b) During viral replication, another enzyme, DNA polymerase attaches the false nucleotide onto a developing DNA molecule. However, the false nucleotide lacks an attachment point for the next nucleotide. The elongation of DNA thus comes to a halt, and viral replication stops.

Front 84

Chickenpox is from what family?

Back 84

Herpesviridae

Front 85

Chickenpox is a _____(+-;ds,ss;RNA,DNA) icosahedral enveloped virion

Back 85

dsDNA

Front 86

Varicella means what?

Back 86

little vessel

Front 87

How is chickenpox transmitted?

Back 87

respiratory droplets or skin contact with pox

Front 88

How long is the incubation period for chickenpox?

Back 88

two weeks

Front 89

Chickenpox begins the respiratory tract, resulting in general _____

Back 89

malaise

Front 90

Chickenpox begins the respiratory tract, resulting in general malaise. Viruses then pass into the bloodstream and localize in the ______and ____

Back 90

peripheral nerves and skin.

Front 91

Chickenpox begins the respiratory tract, resulting in general malaise. Viruses then pass into the bloodstream and localize in the peripheral nerves and skin. Multiplies in cutaneous tissue. Little 'vessels' appear. Pox are itchy and full of viruses. Can be treated with _____

Back 91

topical acyclovir

Front 92

Chickenpox can be prevented with ____

Back 92

attenuated virus vaccine

Front 93

What is the causative agent of chickenpox?

Back 93

varicella-zoster virus

Front 94

What is possible after being infected with zoster virus?

Back 94

naturally acquired active imunity possible after being infected

Front 95

After getting chickenpox, virus can still be present in _____

Back 95

nerve ganglia

Front 96

Latent infection of varicella zoster virus will become active with ______

Back 96

emotional or physical stress

Front 97

Zoster virus migrates down nerves, replicates and produces painful shingles on ____

Back 97

trunk, mid-thoracic and waist region

Front 98

It is possible to give someone else chickenpox, particularly patients with ___

Back 98

AIDS

Front 99

What is the cause of warts?

Back 99

HPV- human papilloma virus

Front 100

WHat is unique about HPV- human papilloma virus

Back 100

non-enveloped DNA viruses

Front 101

What small tumors are papillomas or warts?

Back 101

Small clusters of infected cells that overgrow and bulge

Front 102

There are 5- different viruses with different _____, they don't cross-infect

Back 102

target tissues

Front 103

A small percent of warts can become cancerous. HPV infection is associated with ____ cancer

Back 103

cervical

Front 104

Warts usually disappear or can be removed by ____

Back 104

freezing

Front 105

HPV can survive on inanimate objects such as ____

Back 105

wrestling mats, shower stalls, towels