Lecture 20

Front 1

In the most broadest sense, what are Mechanoreceptors

Back 1

balance (equilibrium), water current, hearing

Front 2

What do hair cells translate mechanical signal into?

Back 2

electrical signals

Front 3

Where do the afferent nerve endings carry impulses to in hair cells?

Back 3

the CNS

Front 4

In hair cells, what do the efferent nerves change?

Back 4

The sensitivity to the hair cell of focus the receptivity to a restricted range

Front 5

What do the sensory organs statocysts do?

Back 5

maintain equilibrium

Front 6

What do statocysts contain that detect movements of granules? What are they called?

Back 6

proprioceptors

statoliths

Front 7

What is the function of the lateral line system?

Back 7

near-field sound detection (low frequency sound waves), fish's own movement, water current direction, movement of nearby animals.

Front 8

The balancing and hearing organ in vertebrates originates from_________ and is filled with _________.

Back 8

lateral line system; endolymph

Front 9

What do semicircular canals repsond to?

Back 9

the rotation of the head

Front 10

What happens when the head moves in vertebrates

Back 10

canals accelerate faster than the endolymph which moves the cupula of the neuromast

Front 11

What is the lagena and in whom is it found?

Back 11

specialized for sounds reception and is found in fish, reptiles and mammals

Front 12

In fish, the chambers of the vestibular apparatus contain what? what is it invovled in?

Back 12

contain calcium carbonate (stones) that are involved in equilibrium

Front 13

What do saccule do?

Back 13

detect gravity (up and down movement of body)

Front 14

What does the utricle do?

Back 14

opens into the semi-circular canals and detects forward and backward movements.

Front 15

Where are otoliths located?

Back 15

in the chambers

Front 16

How many planes are semi-circular canals and what do they possess?

Back 16

3 planes; they possess neuromasts which detect rate of rotation and angular movements of the head and body (through flow of the endolymph)

Front 17

What is audition?

Back 17

the ability to detect sounds

Front 18

What are sounds?

Back 18

acoustic waves produced by fluctuations in pressure in an external medium causing molecules to vibrate through air or water

Front 19

how do many arthropods detect sounds?

Back 19

-body hairs that vibrate (mosquitoes)

-with localized ears that consist of tympanum which vibrates in response to sound waves (moths, butterflies and crickets)

Front 20

In mammals what does the lagena become?

Back 20

The cochlea

Front 21

What sound sensing organ does the lagena/cochlea contain?

Back 21

organ of corti

Front 22

The organ of Corti is a specialized strip of ________ connected to the brain via the ________

Back 22

neuromasts;auditory nerve

Front 23

What three sections does the ear contain?

Back 23

external

middle

internal

Front 24

Which part of the ear do fish, amphibians and snakes lack?

Back 24

the external ears

Front 25

In mammals what is the external ear called?

Back 25

pinna

Front 26

What three parts is the middle ear made of of?

Back 26

tympanum

middle ear cavity

middle ear ossicles

Front 27

What are ossicles derived from?

Back 27

jaw bones

Front 28

In mammals, what other two parts do the ossicles also contain?

Back 28

malleus and the incus

Front 29

Did ears evolve in water or on land first?

Back 29

water

Front 30

In amphibians, what is the opercularis system?

Back 30

where the suprascapula is connected to the oval window via a small bone (the operculum)

Front 31

What is the opercularis system used to pick up?

Back 31

low frequency seismic sound waves from the ground

Front 32

Who has the most complex ear?

Back 32

mammalian

Front 33

What does the mammalian ear double function in?

Back 33

hearing and body equilibriium

Front 34

What three parts is the mammalian ear comprised of?

Back 34

outer:pinna, auditory canal

middle ear: tympanic membrane, 3 ones, oval/round windows

inner ear: cochlea organ of Corti, 2 chambers, 3 semi-circular canals

Front 35

What generates pressure waves (vibrations) in the fluid inside the cochlea

Back 35

vibration of the stapes against the oval window membrane generates these vibrations.

Front 36

In the cochlea, where do the fluid waves travel down?

Back 36

the vestibular canal and back down the tympanic canal

Front 37

Fluid waves vibrate the __________membrane

Back 37

basilar

Front 38

Who uses echolocation?

Back 38

bats, toothed whales and shrews

Front 39

What do bats and whales use echolocation for?

Back 39

communication, orientation and locating prey

Front 40

In echolocation in bats, where is the high frequency sound produced? Which muscles are required?

Back 40

by the nose or larynx and require sonic muscles

Front 41

In echolocation for whales, how is the sound produced?

Back 41

by muscles associated with the blow hole and focused by the melon

Front 42

Where are electroreceptors mostly found?

Back 42

in fish and in monotremes

Front 43

What are electroreceptors and where are they located?

Back 43

modified neuromast organs located in pits within the skin and located mostly on the head

Front 44

What can electroreceptors detect?

Back 44

weak electrical currents generated by muscle contractions of prey