Lecture 2: Minerals And Rocks

Front 1

Three ways to view atom structure

Back 1

With electron cloud
Orbiting electrons with nucleus
Electron shells with nucleus

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All matter

Back 2

including minreals and rocks: made of atoms

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Atom Structure

Back 3

Nucleus (proton and neutron) and surrounding electrons

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Atomic number

Back 4

The unique number of protons in an element's nucleus

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Atomic Mass number

Back 5

The sum of the member of protons and neutrons

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Mineral definitive properties

Back 6

-Made of an element or chemical compound
-Definitive chemical composition
-Orderly, regular repeating internal atomic arrangement, crystalline structure
-Made of inorganic solids
-Formed by natural geologic processes

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Ion

Back 7

Charged atom particles, reactions between different types of atoms (amions and cations)

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Isotopes

Back 8

Atoms of the same element with varied number of neutrons (same number, different atomic mass)

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Chemical bonding

Back 9

Covalent bonds, ionic bonds, metallic bonds, van der Waals bond

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Unit Cell

Back 10

smallest unit of the crystalline geometric pattern

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Halite

Back 11

Salt / sodium chloride / NaCl

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Crystal Structures

Back 12

Cube, Hexagon, Octahedron, Dodecahedron

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Cube

Back 13

4 sided crystal: halite, pyrite

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Hexagon

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6 sided crystal: quartz

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Octahedron

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8 sided crystal: diamond, fluorite

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Dodecahedron

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12 sided crystal: gamet

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Mineral diagnostic properties

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Color +Streak-Rubbed against another, harder object
Luster (shine/shene)
Crystal form
Cleavage (the way a mineral breaks)
Hardness
Special poperties

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Special properties

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taste
smell
feel
tenacity
reaction to acid
magnetism

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Gypsum

Back 19

inside dry wall

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Calcite

Back 20

indigestive tums

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Corundrum

Back 21

Industrial process

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Hardest mineral

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Diamond

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Softest mineral

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Talc

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Silicates

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most abundant group, 98% of earth crust.
Quartz, Plagioclase feldspars, Pyroxene

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Carbonates

Back 25

limestone, marble, calcite, dolomite

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Oxides

Back 26

iron oxides, hermatite, bauzite

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Rock forming mineral groups

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Silicates, Carbonates, Oxides, Sulfides, Halides, Native elements

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Halides

Back 28

salt in it

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Sulfides

Back 29

pyrite, galena

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Native elements

Back 30

gold, diamond, sulfur

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sheet

Back 31

muscovite

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Rocks

Back 32

aggregated solids of minerals

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Types of rocks

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igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic delineated by origin

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fundamental links between rocks and enviroment

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resources, sources for acid rain damage, land subsidence, structure foundation failures

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rocks deform....

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in response to geologic force/stress

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Igneous Rock

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cooled, crystalized/solidified from magma

records of earth's thermal cooling history

Intrusive and extrusive

Classification based on texture and composition

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Intrusive

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crystallized/ solidified beneath the earth surface

slower cooling

coarser particles

granite

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Extrusive

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Crystallized/ solidified at or near the Earth surface

faster cooling

finer grained particles

basalt

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Igneous Rock Texture

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Dictated by the rates of magma cooling

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Felsic/granitic

Back 40

silica rich, typically related to continental crust

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Intermediate / andesitic

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Commonly associated with convergent boundaries along the rim of Pacific

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Mafic/basaltic

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Silica poor, usually related to the oceanic crust

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Giants Causeway

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rapid cooling (basalt) extrusive

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Sedimentary rocks

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Formed at the surface environment conditions

About 75% of all rocks exposed at the surface

Records of present and particularly ancient surface environment (landscape and climate)

Sandstone, limestone, mudstone

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Clastic (particles) sedimentary

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compacted and cemented from detrital sediments

fossil fuel bearing rocks (oil shales)

classified based on particle size

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Formation processes of clastic sedimentary

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Transportation, deposition, compaction, and cementation

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Shale

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the most abundant clastic rocks

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Nonclastic (chemical) sedimentary rocks

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Precipitated from chemical solutions and/or accumulated chemical, biological matter (limestone)

no grains/particles

Classified based on composition/texture

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Limestone

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the most abundant nonclastic sedimentary rocks

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common texture of nonclastic rocks

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crystalline, microcrystalline, skeletal, oolitic, massive

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Metamorphic Rocks

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Changed rocks from preexisting rocks under solid state

changes in mineralogy and rock textures

records of earth's dynamic processes: tectonic movement and igneous intrusion

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stratification

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law of original horizontality, law of supposition

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Cross bedding

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movement direction of ancient currents

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fossil content

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environment setting (continental, marine, or transitional)

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Agents of change for metamorphic rocks

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temperature, pressure, and chemically active fluid

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Foliation

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Preferred alignment of platy mineral particles

Slaty, schistosity, gneissic banding

typically classified by texture:Slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss

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Nonfoliation

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Random arranged and interlocked mineral particles

fine grained, course grained

typically classified by composition: marble, quartzite

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Rock uses

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construction materials, fossil fuel and extraction from rocks, resevoir rocks for fuels, groundwater, as well as contaminents

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Rock foliation and strength

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site statibilty for large facilities (nuclear power plant, dams, airports, etc.

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Faulting

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fracture with displacement or movement

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deformation in response to:

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stress

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Brittle deformation

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fractures, joints, and faults

-conduits for fluids, possibly pollutants
-weak surfaces for landslide, earthquake, and failures of infrastructure

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Ductile deformation

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Folds

-mountainous terrain
-Related to active plate boundaries, linked to environmental problems

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Types of stresses on rocks

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compression -><-
Tensile<-->
Shear
->
<-

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Unconformity

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contact structure of rocks

represents geologic time gap in geologic records, ancient erosion surface

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Types of unconformity

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noncomformity, angular unconformity, and disconformity

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iron bands in sandstone

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oxygen

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sand

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quartz

Front 69

cubes break down into

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cubes