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43 Cards in this Set
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Health |
Has MANY dimensions to it as it varies across cultures (ex: what is depression in one culture is seen as witchcraft in another, a healthy weight for a man may not be the same as a woman, etc). - According to WHO, it is "a state of complete social, psychological, and physical well-being" |
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Disease |
- An alteration of physiology such that the function of a given physiological system is compromised - More or less "objective" measure of health that can be used cross-culturally" ex: injury, infection, malnutrition, genetic, chronic, etc. |
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Illness |
- Subjective experience of symptoms and suffering, moving changes in behaviour to alleviate the discomfort - Informed by cultural contexts that provide ways of thinking about and understanding what we are feeling, so there are culturally specific and appropriate ways of being ill and expressing that experience |
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Sickness |
Sometimes squared with disease, illness or both but has a sociological meaning as well (see sick role) |
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Sick role |
Coins by Parsons. - A socially recognized set of different expectations for individuals with a socially recognized disease or illness - Someone else has to recognize that one has a disease for someone to be "sick" or have "sickness" - In sick role, distinction between illness and disease is relevant because you need a healer to authentic a patients' claim to a sick role SO if the doctor says nothing is wrong but you still complain, the sick role may not be legit. |
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What was Arthur Kleinman known for distinguishing? |
Illness from disease saying, "illness complaints are what patients and their families bring to the practitioner... disease is what the partitioner creates in the recasting of illness in terms of theories of disorder." |
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Arthur Kleinman |
- A professor of psychiatry and medical anthropology A consultant for WHO, working on global mental health issues and issues related to infectious diseased |
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What did Arthur Kleinman develop? Explain. |
The explanatory model that reveals how people make sense of their illness and provides a framework whereby social science researchers and healthcare providers engage with participants/patients in comprehensively understanding their lived illness experience. Often used to explain how people view their illness in terms of how it happens, what causes it, how it affects them, and what will make them feel better. |
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Susan Sontag |
Wrote Illness as Metaphor --> discussed ways in which cancer is seen as mysterious and generates fear, such that patients may be "shunned by relatives and friends and are the object of practices of decontamination by members of their household (as if cancer is like the infectious TB). Cancer patient may not wish to take on the sick role because they're scared of being stigmatized. |
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Nancy Scheper-Hughes & Margaret Locke |
Argued that there are 3 bodies to be considered in the analysis of health and disease: the individual body, social body and political body (see definitions). Considering health in relation to all 3 "bodies" clarifies the ways that individual health is CONNECTED to larger social conditions.
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Individual Body |
"Self" - sole locus of disease, health may be viewed as EXCLUSIVELY somatic state rather than characteristic of society. It is the understanding of your body through the "lived experiences of the body-self" ex: Some believe that self is bounded/parceled - no sprits can enter the body and human senses don't leave the body. |
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Social Body |
The body is a symbol or map with which people shape or understand their environment. |
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Political Body |
Control or definition of the body by society. Ways in which social and political forces exert control over the bodies of individuals in a society and thereby constrain opportunities for optimal health for all. ex: different ideals of beauty or health among the working class as opposed to the upper class. |
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Medicalization |
A social process through which a previously normal human condition (behavioural, physiological or emotional) becomes a medical problem in need of treatment under the judgement of medical professionals. ex: pregnancy with routine electronic fetal monitoring (no beneficial outcome) as it may raise the incidence of unnecessary c-sections ex: children who are hyper or have trouble focusing in school may be seen as having ADHD |
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Proximate Cause |
How - literally means nearby, but in this context: immediate cause of some physiological disruption ex: a bacteria that causes a high fever or lassitude due to low thyroid hormone, cancer cells in lungs that causes difficulty breathing, etc. |
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Ultimate Cause |
Why - What did that person do to have its body harmed? Can also be locally defined and include supernatural forces (witchcraft, sorcery, divine intervention). ex: lack of attention to hygiene that might have caused an infection? but then... why was the person there to begin with?! |
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Biological Normalcy. What are 2 ideas that from this? |
Normal usually equated with being "healthy" 2 ideas: What evidence exists supporting a relationship between a trait and an inc/dec risk of disease across populations and environments Can be applied to conditions for which there is no known cause or cure and thus labeled as "normal" ex: dowager's hump (osteoporosis) --> because was thought to be normal for aging women |
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Evolution |
Changes in characteristics of population over time |
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Natural selection |
The mechanism by which evolution occurs - survival of those favourable traits for the environments get selected and spread as they get passed down to offspring |
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Adaptive |
Traits that confer some survival or reproduction |
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Fitness |
- Reproductive success (how many offspring one has) - To have fitness, one must survive to reproductive maturity or make some contribution to the reproductive fitness Difficult to asses especially in humans |
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Selective Force |
Forces that derive from the environment that ultimately pose threats to health and well-being, survival and report (stressors) ex: pathogens, lack of food or nutrients in diet or overexposure to heat or cold |
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Stressors |
Challenges to health and well-being, survival and reproduction or anything that generates a physiological response |
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Adaptability |
A form of physiological plasticity - short term, non heritable changes that occur in individuals when they are faced with immediate challenges to their survival ex: a person shivers in response to a sudden drop in temp as t'll help generate heat while vasoconstriction in response to this will help REDUCE heat loss. ex: when bacteria enter the body, the body responds by raising temperature, manifesting a fever. |
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Critical Medical Anthropology |
Analyzes power differentials and their impact on health ex: how wealthier people are usually healthier as they have better access to health care, resources, etc |
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Paul Farmer |
Said "those with fewer resources are DOUBLY at risk of poor health: they are more likely to be exposed to hazardous conditions that increase their risk of disease and they have access to fewer health care resources"... he refers to this as structural violence (borrowed from John Gultang) ex: claimed that HIV is a disease of the poor, striking the most vulnerable |
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Structural violence |
Farmer describes this as the historical and economic policies, structures and forces that limit the agency of the poor. Violence can be indirect or covert but always results in extreme suffering due to its creation of structured risk, leaving those at the margins most likely to carry the burden of this suffering. |
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Interpretive Approach |
An approach where many anthropologists interpret medical systems, health and disease STRICTLY with their cultural contexts. Strongly influenced by Clifford Geert'z notion of ethnography as "thick description" role that various behaviours play within their cultural context and how these make sense within that environment |
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Nosology |
The study that deals with the classification of disease systems. It is subject to cultural influence. - Links up with the political economic approach by considering not only how the disease is interpreted culturally but also how it is produced by social structures, cultural beliefs, values and behaviours. ex: etiology (cause of disease) or pathogenesis (physical development of disease) |
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Applied Medical Anthropology |
Applying the principles of ethnographic knowledge derived from anthropological scholarship to the design or implementation of health policies and interventions. ex: they may work in a clinical setting by mediating between a patients understanding of their condition ex: may also work in institutions where health policies are designed to target specific populations or health problems |
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Ethnomedical system |
Indigenous healing systems |
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Explanatory Model |
Pioneered by Arthur Kleinman, reveals that physicians and patients often have different explanations for the cause, appropriate treatment and definition of an ailment. |
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Etiology |
The study of finding causes and origins of disease. ex: knowing that some of the causes of high blood pressure are smoking, lack of exercise, stress, etc. All ethnomedical systems have this in common and all have diagnostic criteria, therapeutic measures, formalized interactions between patient and healer and mechanism for training new healers. |
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Pluralistic |
Elements of one healing tradition may be incorporated into another or that individuals may seek out healers from various traditions in quest for health |
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Epidemiology |
The study of the causes, distribution and control of diseases (infectious or not) at the population level (not individual level). |
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Prevalence |
Total number of individuals with the disease in a particular time period |
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Incidence |
The number of NEW cases in a particular time period |
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Endemic |
A disease that has a long history in the population, with little change in either prevalence or incidence over time ex: Malaria is endemic to tropical areas of the world (SA) |
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Epidemic |
A disease that DRAMATICALLY increases BOTH prevalence and incidence over a SHORT period of time. - In relation to infectious disease, it often has a cycle with rapid increase in incidence followed by a decrease in incidence as most have been exposed so are dead and therefore no long susceptible for contraction (ex: influenza) NOTE: There CAN be epidemics of NONINFECTIOUS diseases |
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Pandemic |
A world-wide epidemic ex: HIV, diabetes |
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Morbidity |
Its rate describes the prevalence of disease in a population |
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Mortality |
Its rate describes the prevalence of death, usually attributed to a given disease in a population |
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Infant mortality |
Death in the first year of life |
