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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the Idiographic approach?
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person specific description, case conceptualization
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What is the nomothetic approach?
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across person description, diagnosis
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Name the two key aspects of assessment.
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validity and utility
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What is vailidity?
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when the methods are accurate at capturing the reality
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What is Utility?
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usefullness of the resulting classification system(prognosis and treatment outcome)
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Who created the first classification system for clinical psycholgy?
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Emile Kraepelin
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How did Kraepelin classify symptoms?
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on the assumption that different syndromes would have different etiologies
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According to Kraepelin, different sets of symptoms are called ________?
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syndromes
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Kraepelin used a classification system with different types and causes, name them.
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Type:
neurosis and psychosis Cause: exogenous and endogenous |
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Neuorisis
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no break from reality
Eg: phobia |
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Psychosis
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break from reality
Eg: delusions |
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Exogenous
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outisde effects
Eg: life stress causes mood disorder |
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Endogenous
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within effects
Eg: more severe disorders |
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What are some main uses of the diagnostic systems in psychology?
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provides common language
potential treatments possible causes(etiology) possible future developments (prognosis) provids framework for reimbursement purposes |
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What is the goal of the DSM?
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to increase standardization and reliability of diagnostic processes
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"there is no assumption that each category of mental disorder is a completely _________ -_______.."
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discrete entity
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What is a subtype?
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mutually exclusive and jointly exhaustive subgroupings, must be just A or B, not both
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What is a specifier?
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not mutually exclusive or jointly exhaustive, could be both A or B
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Explain the categorical approach to classification.
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Qualitative difference between categories, its either a member of a category or not.
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Explain the dimensional approach to classifcation.
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Quantitative differences between categories, objects differ in the extent to which they possess certain characteristics or properties
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Which approach is the DSM considered to be?
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categorical
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What is a taxonometric analysis?
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statistical analysis designed to measure, from dimensionally collected data, whether the data are categorical or not
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What is a dysfunction according to Wakefield?
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a failure of a mechanism to perform a natural function
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Monothetic diagnosis
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all criteria are met in the same manner for all people
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Polythetic diagnosis
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people diagnosed with the same disorder may exhibit markedly different symptom profiles
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What is Anhedonia?
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lack of pleasure or of the ability to experience it
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There are 5 axes to the multi-axial system of the DSM IV what are they?
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1. clinical disorders
2. personality disorders & mental retardation 3. general medical conditions 4. psychosocial & environmental conditions 5. global assessment of functioning |
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In the global assessment of functioning in the DSM, the higher the number...?
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the better the functioning
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Comorbidity
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when a person meets criteria for more than one disorder at any single point in time
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Concurrent disorders
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a psychiatric disorder AND either a disorder of substance abuse or an intellectual disabilty
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Equifinality principle
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different causes lead to the same disorder
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Multifinality principle
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similar causes lead to different disorders
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What are the three Initial diagnostic rule outs?
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1. Does it cause clinically significant distress or impairment?
2. Disorder due to effects of a general medical condition? 3. Disorder due to effects of substance abuse? |
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In Bipolar disorder how many days of abnormally and persistently, elevated, expansive, or irritbale mood are needed to be considered a Manic episode?
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7 or more days
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In Bipolar disorder how many days of abnormally and persistenly, elevated, expansive, or irritable mood are needed to be considered a Hypomanic episode?
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4 or more days
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How many episodes of the mood changes listed above are needed to classify the disorder?
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one
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Name the symptoms associated with Unipolar or Major Depressive disorder.
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2 weeks of depressed mood, most of the day, almost everyday
markedly diminished interest or pleasure in almost all activities 5/9 symptoms plus half of the above, not due to bereavement |
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How many symptoms must one have to be diagnosed with Bipolar disorder?
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3/7 symptoms
4/7 if only irritable |
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How do we diagnose Panic disorder?
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at least 2 unexpected panic attacks that come out of nowhere associated with either worry about attacks with change in behaviour
4/13 symptoms needed |
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When should peak anxiety be reached for panic disorder?
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within 10 minutes
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How do we diagnose Generalized Anxiety Disorder?
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Excessive anxiety or worry most days for AT LEAST 6 months
3/6 symptoms |
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How do we diagnose Obsessive Compulsive Disorder?
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do they have either obsessions or compulsions?
do they realize that these are unreasonable or excessive? Obsessions - all 4 Compulsions - all 2 |
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How do we diagnose Social Anxiety Disorder?
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markedly excessive fear of social situations where exposed to possible scrutiny of others
exposure always predicts immediate anxiety response phobic stimulus is avoided or endured with high distress MUST have ALL the above |
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What are the 3 types of social anxiety disorders?
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public speaking
generalized other |
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How do we diagnose Agoraphobia?
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have anxiety about being in places where escape may be difficult or embarassing
fear related to having a situationally predisposed panic attack agoraphobic situations are avoided |
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How do we diagnose a Specific Phobia?
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excessive fear cued by presence or anticipation of a specific object or situation
Exposure invariably predicts immediate anxiety response Phobic stimulus or situtation is avoided or endured with marked distress |
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How do we diagnose PTSD?
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Experienced traumatic event involving life threat or injuryand repsonse involved fear orhelplessness
RE-experiencing of the event Avoidance of stimuli associated with trauma and numbing of general responsiveness Hyperarousal symptoms MUST have all the above |
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Give the difference between Bipolar and Unipolar D.
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Manic episodes
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Give the difference between Panic D and Generalized Anxiety D.
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speed of symptoms
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Give the difference between Obsessive Complusive D and Generalized Anxiety D.
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worries hard to control, unreasonableness of content
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Give the difference between Social Anxiety D and Agoraphobia.
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SCRUITINY vs. ESCAPE
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Give the difference between PTSD and Specific Phobia.
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RELIVING vs IMMEDIATE
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