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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the atomic symbol, number, and mass?
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symbol: abbreviation for the element
number: # of protons mass: protons + neutrons |
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What is 96% of all living matter?
CHON |
Carbon
Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen |
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what are atoms made up of
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protons= positive charge
neutrons= no charge electrons= negative charge |
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molecules and compounds
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-formed with covalent bonds
-formed with ionic bonds |
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covalent bonds
(single and double) |
-sharing of valence electrons
-single covalent bond=sharing one pair of electrons -double covalent= sharing 2 pairs of electrons |
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polar and nonpolar covalent bonds
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polar= sharing between 2 atoms is unequal
nonpolar= sharing between 2 atoms is equal |
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Chemistry of water
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-first cells evolved in water
-all living things are 70-90% water -polar molecule -water molecules are hydrogen-bonded to one another |
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Special properties of water
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-high heat capacity
-high heat of vaporization -solvent of molecules and salts -cohesive and adhesive -high surface tension -forms ice |
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Acids
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-high H+ concentrations
-ex: HCI___H+ + CI- |
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Carbohydrates
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-principle energy source for cells (glusose)
-short term energy components (cellulose) -cell to cell recognition (surface antigens) |
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Polysaccharides
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large polymers of monosaccharides
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Starches and Glycogen
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quick energy storage
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Cellulose
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-structural carb in plants
-"fiber" -indigestible by human enzymes |
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Glucose
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most important and common= energy in sugar
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Saturated and Unsaturated fat
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saturated= solid at RT/more unhealthy (butter)
unsaturated= liquid at RT/ more healthy |
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Emulsification
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-fats are nonpolar; they don't dissolve in water and tend to form "globules"
- emulsifier (nonpolar and polar ends) breaks down the globules of fat into smaller droplets |
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Phospholipids
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-phosphate group= hydrophilic head
-fatty acids= hydrophobic tail -double layer in membrane |
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Steroids
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-large class of lipids
-cholesterol= stabilize and support cell membrane -sex hormones, etc. |
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Lipids (functions)
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-ENERGY= contain more calories of energy per gram are ideal energy source molecules
-structural components, insulation, cushioning of organs, and hormones |
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Proteins (functions)
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-give structure to cells
-hormones (ex: insulin) -chemical reactions (enzymes) -transportation -immunity (antibodies) |
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Amino Acids
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-monomers of proteins
-linked together with "peptide bonds" |
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Nucleotide
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-phosphate group
-carbohydrate sugar (deoxyribose or ribose) -nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, or uracil) |
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DNA
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-"genetic codes" for the order of amino acids needed to make proteins
-double helix |
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RNA
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- does the actual work needed to turn the DNA code into amino acids
-single helix |
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ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
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-adenine combined with ribose to form adenosine
-three phosphate groups -energy carrier in cells |
