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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Plants are rooted in place. How do they get around?
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• Vegetative reproduction
• sometimes specialized propagules • Bryophytes and non-seed vascular plants disperse spores • Pollen • often the longest distance dispersal... • but pollen doesn’t usually live for long. • Seeds • Very complex, specialized structures, can last a very long time. |
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Green algae
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Red algae
Ulvophytes Coleochaetes Stoneworts |
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Nonvascular plants
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Liverworts
Hornworts Mosses |
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Seedless vascular plants
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Lycophytes
Whisk ferns Horsetails Ferns |
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seed vascular
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Cycads
Ginkgo Redwoods et al. Gnetophytes Pines et al. Angiosperms |
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Utricularia
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*An aquatic carnivorous plant
Utricularia (bladderwort, Figure 2), a plant named for its tiny bladders, or utricles. Unlike the other carnivorous plants discussed here, Tiny hairlike projections at the opening of the bladder are sensitive to the motion of passing organisms like Daphnia (water fleas). When they are stimulated, these hairs cause the flattened bladder to suddenly inflate, sucking in water and the passing animal and closing a trap door after it.Utricularia often lives in open water, but again where the nutrient concentration is relatively low. One common habitat is in the nutrient-poor bog lakes. In the open water, it supplements its nutrients by trapping insects in a bladder that is like a suction bulb |
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Turion
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is a specialised overwintering bud produced by aquatic herbs. Turion are produced in response to unfavourable conditions such as decreasing day-length or reducing temperature.
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Sporangia develop on?
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leaves
• Vegetative leaves or specialized structures |
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• Homosporous
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• one kind of spores
• Monoecious gametophytes |
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• Heterosporous
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• two kinds of spores
• Dioecious -- male and female gametophytes • This led to seeds |
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Bryophytes
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* the simplest embryophytes
• Three phyla: liverworts, hornworts, mosses • Abundant in moist habitats • Persistent gametophytes, ephemeral dependent sporophytes |
• Zygotes divide to form diploid embryos (young sporophytes)
• Mature sporophyte often develops three parts - capsule (sporangium producing haploid spores via meiosis), seta (stalk), and foot embedded in gametophyte for nutrition. |
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Pteridophytes
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*Lycophtes, Whisk ferns, Horsetails, Ferns
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• major pteridophyte innovation was vascular tissue • xylem (water and ion transport) and phloem (sugar transport) • more efficient intercellular transport • greater size due to the hardening agent lignin in xylem • large sporophytes with vascular tissue • small free-living gametophytes without vascular tissue |
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Sporocarp
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(a modified leaf)
a multicellular structure in which spores form; a fruiting body. |
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Stolon/Rhizome
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A shoot that bends to the ground or that grows horizontally above the ground and produces roots and shoots at the nodes.
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Pteridophytes are still limited by
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• the presence of a vulnerable gametophyte
• the requirement for external water to accomplish fertilization |
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Lycophytes
Obscure now, but very important when? |
they were diverse, and
large in the Carboniferous |
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Gymnosperms
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25
• Major innovations - seeds and pollen (with very reduced, microscopic gametophytes) • 4 major groups with a total of 800 tree and shrub species • Dominant tree species at high elevations and high latitudes, plus certain arid environments |
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Gymnosperms show 2 major innovations?
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• The evolution of seeds
• The evolution of pollen (reduced male gametophyte) –Pollen can be carried by wind (et al.) to female gametophyte –Now free from water for reproduction! –Seed plants are viewed as genuine land plants |
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Wind pollination has some drawbacks?
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Inefficient … must produce lots of pollen
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Have pollen, but sperm still swim!
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Cycads, Ginkgo
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