Lecture 19 Introduction To Animal Diversity

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Animals

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Heterotrophic, multicellular, lacking cell walls. Proteins (collagen) assist in cell to cell communication. Most animal cells are organized into tissues (nerves and muscles) which can be used for mobility [not sponges, basal animal]

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Fertilization occurs by

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2 haploid gamètes that were produced by meiosis

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Developmental stages for animals

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Cleavage-mitotic cell divisions without cell growth

Blasula: hollow (hole is the blastocoel) ball of cells

Gastrulation: embryo folds inward and fills blastocoel, producing embryonic tissue.

Gastrula: developmental stage. A blastopore emerges from the fold, the hole it in the blastopore is the archenteron, the blastocoel is smaller. Tissues are ectoderm, endoderm and (occasionally) mesoderm.

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Metamorphosis

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Developmental, transformation turning larval into a juvenile that resembles and adult, but not yet sexually mature.

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Animals have body plans

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Morphological and developmental traits integrated into the functional whole.

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Bilateral symmetry

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Dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior with often cephalization.

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Radial

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Function the same from any side

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Ectoderm

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Tissue that becomes Skin, nervous system

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Endoderm

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Becomes digestive tract

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Mesoderm

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ALL BILATERIANS ARE TRIPLOBLASTIC the mesoderm becomes the circulatory system, muscle, bones, organs

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Coelom

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From the mesoderm, is the body cavity that can suspend internal organs between the digestive tract and the outer body wall.

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Coelomates

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Animals with a coelom

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Acoelomates

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No coelom, but triploblastic

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Pseudocoelomates

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Body cavity made of mesoderm and ectoderm

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Protostome development

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Only with TRIPLOBLASTS. Annelids and molluscs. Cells are spiral and determinate, coelom broke off from mesoderm, blastopore becomes mouth.

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Deuterostome development

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ONLY TRIPLOBLASTS. Echinoderms and chordates. Indeterminate cells at cleavage, coelom formed from archenteron, blastopore becomes anus

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Are protostome development and deuterostome development convergent, homologous, or cannot be determined

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Convergent. They are not synapomorphies and are only to distinguish taxa

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Evolution of animals

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~710 MYO first fossil, likely aquatic.

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Closest living relative to animals?

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Choanoflagellates:

-shared morphology with sponges, that have similar choanocytes and cadherin like proteins

-dna evidence suggest sponges and choanoflagellates are sister taxa