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12 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Definition

A change in the nucleotide sequence of an organisms DNA




Can also occur in DNA or RNA of virus

Types of Mutation

Single Base Changes (point mutations)




Nucleotide Insertions




Nucleotide Deletions

Types of Mutation

Large Scale Chromosome re-arrangements


- fusion, fission, inversion (flip), translocation (swap)




Somatic Cells only effect the individual




Gamete Cells can effect the offspring

Causes of Mutation

Errors in nucleotide during DNA replication




DNA polymerase errors: 1 in 10^5



Causes of Mutation




- Chemical

Nicotine, Asbestos, Free radicals, Oxidising agents




Nucleotide Anologues

Causes of Mutation




- Physical

- UV light - Can cause adjacent covalent bond, usually a Hydrogen bond




- Natural radiation or nuclear waste




- X - Rays

DNA Damage can be repaired




- Pyrimidine Dimer Formation

Thyamine Dimers: DNA damaged by UV






-> Enzyme Scans, brings nuclease, buts out damage, DNA ligase repairs damage

If DNA sequence changes it can cause..

- No effect




- Missense: Different Amino Acid




- Nonsence: No longer codes amino//stop codon




Insertions/Deletions: Frameship, changes grouping, effects all amino acids.

Alteration of Enzyme




- Red and Blue variation

Red variation alters binding of substrate




Blue variation alters binding of co-factor

Single Base changes and Genetic Diversity

Single bases are most common, 85% in genome




1/1000 base pair difference




3 million different genome

Mutation and Cancer

Overstimulation or not inhibited cell cycle

DNA and RNA

DNA can correct mistake




RNA cannot correct Mistakes