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12 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Definition |
A change in the nucleotide sequence of an organisms DNA Can also occur in DNA or RNA of virus |
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Types of Mutation |
Single Base Changes (point mutations) Nucleotide Insertions Nucleotide Deletions |
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Types of Mutation |
Large Scale Chromosome re-arrangements - fusion, fission, inversion (flip), translocation (swap) Somatic Cells only effect the individual Gamete Cells can effect the offspring |
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Causes of Mutation |
Errors in nucleotide during DNA replication DNA polymerase errors: 1 in 10^5 |
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Causes of Mutation - Chemical |
Nicotine, Asbestos, Free radicals, Oxidising agents Nucleotide Anologues |
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Causes of Mutation - Physical |
- UV light - Can cause adjacent covalent bond, usually a Hydrogen bond - Natural radiation or nuclear waste - X - Rays |
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DNA Damage can be repaired - Pyrimidine Dimer Formation |
Thyamine Dimers: DNA damaged by UV -> Enzyme Scans, brings nuclease, buts out damage, DNA ligase repairs damage |
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If DNA sequence changes it can cause.. |
- No effect - Missense: Different Amino Acid - Nonsence: No longer codes amino//stop codon Insertions/Deletions: Frameship, changes grouping, effects all amino acids. |
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Alteration of Enzyme - Red and Blue variation |
Red variation alters binding of substrate Blue variation alters binding of co-factor |
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Single Base changes and Genetic Diversity |
Single bases are most common, 85% in genome 1/1000 base pair difference 3 million different genome |
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Mutation and Cancer |
Overstimulation or not inhibited cell cycle |
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DNA and RNA |
DNA can correct mistake RNA cannot correct Mistakes |