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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Three strategies for initiating different gene expression during development
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mRNA localization
cell to cell contact signaling through the diffusion of a secreted signaling molecule |
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mRNA localization is achieved through an adapter protein binds to the _____ of RNA and binds to the ________ to be transported.
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3' UTR, cytoskeletion
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The adaptor protein attached to the cytoskeletin through what protein?
What direction does it travel on the polarized actin filament? |
myosin, towards the positive end
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There are three different mechanisms of signal transduction activated by a __________ binding to a cell ________ receptor.
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ligand, surface
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What are these three different mechanisms?
a. ________ cascade that leads to ________ of a DNA-binding protein in the nucleus b. Activation of a latent _______ DNA-binding protein to enter the nucleus. c. When ligand bind to receptor, the ____________ is cleaved and a part enters the nucleus to activate a _____________. |
Kinase, phosphorylation
cytoplasmic receptor, DNA binding protein |
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The concentration of an __________ signal regulates gene expression.
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extracellular
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The _________ diffuses through the extracellular matrix with ________ cells binding more of the __________.
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ligand, nearby, ligand
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The more receptors that are activated by the diffused ligands, the ________ the signal that is transduced to stimulate the ___________ of different genes.
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stronger, transcription
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The mating type switchin in mother yeast cells is from ______ to _____.
This switching is possible because the _______ gene is turned _________ via ________ localization. |
a, alpha
HO, on, mRNA |
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The _______ repressor mRNA is localized to the __________ cell.
This is done by the _____ and ______ adaptor proteins. This localization prevent ____ expression and mating type switching in __________ cells. |
Ash1, daughter
She2, She3 HO, daughter |
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On the Ash1 mRNA, the ______ protein attaches to the 3' UTR.
Then the ______ protein attached to _________ V. ______ and ______ attaches to each other and ________ drives the movement down the polarized actin filament. |
She2
She3, myosin She2, She3, myosin |
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Localization of the _______ mRNA drives ______ muscle developement in the sea squirt.
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Macho-1, tail
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At fertilization, the egg is induced to undergo a highly asymmetric division to produce a small ______ body (top). At this time, the Macho-1 mRNA becomes localized to ______ (vegetal) regions.
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polar, bottom
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the Macho-1 mRNA undergoes a __________ wave of localization. This occurs during the second highly asymmetric meiotic division of the egg.
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second
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nuclear divisions in drosophilia embryogenesis
__________ nuclei in one cell after _______ rounds of nuclear division |
6000, 14
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Developement of germ cell -
_______ migrate to the edges of the cell. They become ________ cells. The pole cells become __________ cells. |
Nuclei, somatic
germ |
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Spatzle toll and dorsal gradient:
The _____ receptor is uniformly distributed throughout the _______ membrane of the precellular embryo. The Spatzle signaling molecule is distributed in a gradient in the ________ region. |
tool, plasma, venteral
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Activation of the ______ receptor leads to the activation of the ______ kinase in the cytoplasm. Pelle either directly or indirectly phosphorylates the ________ protein, which binds and inhibits the ________protein. Phosphorylation of_____________ causes its degra-dation, so that ________ is released from the
cytoplasm into nuclei. |
toll, pelle, cactus, dorsal, cactus, dorsal
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Different affinity Dorsal binding sites allows the expression of the ________, __________, and ______ genes in a unique pattern in the ventral nuclei.
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twist, rhomboid, sog
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The sog genes have 4 __________ dorsal binding site.
the rhomboid gene hace 1 __________ affinity dorsal binding site the twist genes have 2 __________ affinity dorsal binding sites. |
optimal
high low |
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The presence of the ________ repressor in the ____________ mesoderm prevents ____________ and ________ expression in this region.
therefore only _________ is expressed. |
Snail , ventral
rhomboid, sog twist |
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In the unfertilized egg, what mRNA is localized to the anterior pole and which to the anterior pole?
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Bicoid to the anterior
Oskar to the posterior |
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The Oskar protein helps coordinate the assembly of the ____________(2) in the posterior cytoplasm. Nuclei that enter this region bud off the posterior end of the embryo and form the _______ cells.
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polar granules,
pole During the formation of the Drosophila egg, polarized microtubules are formed that extend from the oocyte nucleus and grow toward the posterior plasm. The oskar mRNA binds adaptor proteins that interact with the microtubules and thereby transport the RNA to the posterior plasm. |
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Placement of the Bicoid 3’-UTR on
the Oskar mRNA causes ______ cells to grow in place of a _______. |
germ, head
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The Bicoid protein gradient induces
expression of the _________ protein. |
hunchback
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A second (___________) promoter allows
Hunchback mRNA to be present throughout the cell. |
maternal
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However, translation of the Hunchback mRNA is blocked at the opposite
(posterior) end of the cell by the ______ protein. it is secreted by the ____ cells (blue� |
nanos, pole
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The Hunchback protein represses expression of the _____, _________,
and ________ genes to different extents leading to a _________ expression of the _____ gene. |
kruppel, knirps, giant
striped Eve |
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High levels of Hunchback are required for the re- pression of ________, but low levels are sufficient to repress ________.
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kruppel, giant
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he Kru ̈ppel and giant 5' regulatory DNAs contain different numbers of Hunchback repressor sites.
There are ______ sites in Kru ̈ppel, but ______ sites in giant. The in- creased number of Hunchback sites in the giant enhancer may be responsible for its re- pression by _____ levels of the Hunchback gradi- ent. |
three, seven
low |
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What other protein probably
represses Kruppel? |
knirps
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The EVE gene uses what to control gene expression?
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many enhancer regions
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What kind of pattern does it have?
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t striped pattern
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Stripes #__ and #__ are located very upstream from the coding region.
Down stream from these stripes is stripe #__, this strip is still however upstream from the coding region. Down stream from the coding region is stripe #__ and #__. Down stream from these two stripes are #__ and #__. |
3,7
2 4,6 1,5 |
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Eve stripe 2 expression is inhibited by __________ and ________.
It is activated by ______ and ____________. |
kruppel, giant
bicoid, hunchback |
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Differential regulation of the stripe 3 and stripe 4 enhancers by opposing gradients of the __________ and __________ repressors.
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hunchback, knirps
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The two stripes are positioned in different regions of the embryo. The eve stripe 3 enhancer is repressed by high levels of the ___________ gradient but low levels of the _________ gradient.
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hunchback, knirps
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Conversely, the stripe 4 enhancer is repressed by ____ levels of the Hunchback gradient but ______ levels of Knirps.
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low, high
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What kind of genes control the expression of body parts?
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homeotic
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What does a mutation in the Antennepedia (Antp) gene cause?
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Leg growth where the antenna normally develop
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A mutation in the Ubx gene (ultrabithorax) causes a duplication of what?
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Duplication of the mesothorax where the metathorax normally develops.
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Duplication of the mesothorax results in what?
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2 sets of wings and no halteres (used for balance)
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The Ubx normally functions to repress _____ in the _______thorax. Mutations in Ubx prevents this repression.
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Antp, meta
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MISEXPRESSION of Ubx in the mesothorax results in what?
What is this mutant called? |
Loss of wings and 2 sets of halteres
Cbx |
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In branchiopods, Ubx is expressed in segments T1-T8.
In isopods, changes in Ubx expression (aka loss in ___ segment) leads to expression of _________ in ___. What develops instead of legs? |
T1, Scr, T1
maxilliped feeding appendages |
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Ubx represses _____-specific genes (maxillipeds) in crustaceans.
In insects Ubx, it represses _____ development as well. |
head, leg
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Misexpression of the fruitfly Ubx protein in leg areas ____________ leg
development in fruitflies, but expression of the shrimp Ubx protein in this region does not ____________leg development. |
suppresses, suppress
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In the sCRUSTACEAN shrimp Ubx protein, what allows for the developement of many sets of legs?
It is located in the ________ terminal and blocks the activity of the ________ terminal repression domain. |
anti-repression motif
carboxyl (C), amino (N) |
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The presence of a second set of wings in (lepidopteran) butterflies
is a result of evolved mutations in ___binding sites to prevent ____ binding and repressing wing formation. |
UBX
UBX so Ubx supresses wing formation |