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12 Cards in this Set

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What is the reward pathway activated by?

Food, water and sex, activities (such as sky diving,paragliding etc) and exercise

What neurotransmitters act on the reward pathway?

Dopamine


•Receptors: D1, D2


•Function: pleasure,euphoria, mood, motorfunction




Serotonin


•Receptors: 5HT3


Function: mood, impulsivity,anxiety, sleep, cognition




Cannabinoids


•Receptors: CB1, CB2


•Function: Pain, appetite,memory




Opioid peptides (Endorphins,Enkephalins)•Receptors: Kappa, Mu, Delta


•Function: pain

What is the final activation chemical?

Dopamine.

What anatomical sites are these neurotransmitters involved in when it comes to the acutereinforcing effects of drugs of abuse?


Dopamine, opioid peptides, GABA and glutamate?

Dopamine: Ventral tegmental area,nucleus accumbens




Opioid Peptides: Nucleus accumbens,amygdala, ventraltegmental area




GABA: Amygdala




Glutamate: Nucleus accumbens

How does the ventral tegmental area (VTA) work?

• The VTA receives information from several other regionsthat tell it how well various fundamental needs, and morespecifically human needs, are being satisfied.




• The VTA then forwards this information to anotherstructure further forward in the brain: the nucleusaccumbens. To send this information to the nucleusaccumbens, the VTA uses a particular chemicalmessenger: dopamine.

What does the magnitude of the effect of a drug depend on?

The number of existing receptors

What is the mechanism of cocaine?

• The mechanism of action for cocaine is viareuptake inhibition of dopamine


• Dopamine release is promoted via the proteinresponsible for the reuptake of dopamine(dopamine transporter; DAT)

Indirect drug action?

• Drugs of abuse may modulate dopamine via otherreceptor system and neurotransmitters that thenmodulate a different system




e.g. Alcohol• Binds to subreceptors GABAA: Dopaminergic activity iseventually increased in the VTA by inhibiting GABAergicinterneurons• Also binds to NMDA (glutamate receptor and ionchannel), activates secondary messages and has directserotonergic effects

Drug action and reward pathway for heroin?

•Binds to opioidreceptors that inhibitGABAergic neuronsthat project todopaminergic neuronsin the VTA

Drug action and reward pathway for nicotine?

•Activates cholinergicneurons that project todopaminergic neuronsof the VTA

What is withdrawal and what does this syndrome involve?

• Withdrawal is the result of an abrupt cessation ofthe drug


• This syndrome involves:– disturbance of the autonomic nervous system– activation of the thalamus– release of corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF)– activation of the locus coeruleus (LC)

The Development ofAddiction?

• The use of the drug of abuse is increased to maintaineuphoria or to avoid dysphoria or withdrawal


• The number of receptors gradually increases tocounter for the continual presence of the drug ofabuse


• The amount of neurotransmitter gradually decreasesthrough depletion and feedback inhibition


• The reinforcing properties of the drug are thusgradually decreased (tolerance)• The need for drug to maintain this new homeostasis istherefore increased (dependence begins)