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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Altered level of consciousness can be detected |
by changes in breathing patterns |
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As consciousness decreases |
the forebrain control is lost, and the lower brain stem regulates the breathing pattern by responding to CO2 levels |
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Cheyne-Stokes respirations |
involve an increased ventilatory response to carbon dioxide |
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Pupillary changes are a guide to evaluating |
brain stem dysfunction - since the brain stem areas that control arousal are next to the areas that control the pupils |
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Drugs affect |
pupillary response |
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Drugs that dilate the pupils |
atropine, scopolamine, and amphetamines |
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Drugs that cause pinpoint pupils |
opiates |
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Ischemia and hypoxia cause |
wide fixed pupils |
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Destructive injury to the brainstem |
can change the occulovestibular reflexes |
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What are the criteria for declaring brain death? |
1. Absence of motor and reflex movements 2. No spontaneous respiration 3. Absent cephalic reflexes, dilated, fixed pupils 4. Flat EEG 5. Persistance of these signs for 30 minutes to one hour |
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Epilepsy |
is a general term for syndromes that cause seizures |
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Agnosia |
is a failure to recognize form and nature of objects - it comes from a dysfunction in the interpretive areas of the cerebral cortex |
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Dysphasia |
is an impairment of language - comprehension in written and verbal language is disturbed or loss |
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Aphasia |
is loss of comprehension or production of language |
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Dementia |
is a failure of cerebral function that is not caused by impaired level of consciousness |
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Alzheimer disease is a dementia |
whose etiology is not yet known - some forms are hereditary and some are not |
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Alzheimer disease |
is associated with senile plaques deposited in areas of nerve degeneration and insoluable filaments of protein called neurofibrillary tangles |
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Upper motor neuron syndromes |
affect muscle groups, are associated with spacticity, have hyperreflexia, and slight muscle atrophy |
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Lower motor neuron syndromes |
may affect individual muscles, have hypotonia and flaccidity, have hyporeflexia, and pronouced atrophy |
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Parkinson Disease |
is a degenerative disease of the basil ganglia - it involves dopamine secreting pathways in the substantia nigra |
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The onset of Parkinson disease |
is after 40 years of age and men are more affected than women |
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What are the clinical manifestations of Parkinson disease |
resting tremors, muscle stiffness, postural abnormalities - there is no true paralysis |
