Lecture 11:sleep And Arousal (2)

Front 1

arousal=

Back 1

physiological and psychological state o being awake

Front 2

arousal is nonuniform meaning that

Back 2

we can be alert or fail to notice whats going on

Front 3

5 neurotransmitters involved in arousal

Back 3

ACh,NE,serotonin,histamine, hypocretin

Front 4

T or F: too much arousal or too little ca affect tasks

Back 4

true

Front 5

ACh found in (3)
NE found in (1)
serotonin found in (1)
Histamine found in (1)
hypocretin found in (1)

Back 5

-dorsal pons,basal forebrain,medial septum
-locus coeruleus
-raphe nucleus
-TMN
-lateral hypo

Front 6

ACh antagonist ____cortical arousal while agonist

Back 6

decrease,increae

Front 7

can use ___to measure ACh release in hippo/striatum/frontal cortex when looking at arousal

Back 7

micro-dialysis

Front 8

if deactivate cholinergic neurons in forebrain what happens

Back 8

block ACh release in cerebral cortex from dorsal pons

Front 9

NE neurons firing ____when awake/alert and____during sleep

Back 9

increase,decrease

Front 10

LC activity related to

Back 10

vigilance(continuous attention which decreases when bored)

Front 11

firing of LC neurons is high during____if monkey working for long time performance ___so LC firing___

Back 11

best performance,decreases,decreases

Front 12

stimulate raphe nuclei=

Back 12

locomotion and cortical arousal

Front 13

serotonin neuron activation facilities

Back 13

continuous movement

Front 14

serotonin activity declines when

Back 14

respond to novel stimuli like orienting your response

Front 15

projections of histamine neurons to basal forebrain influences

Back 15

ACh release in cerebral cortex

Front 16

if block histamine receptor=
Histamine neuron activity high during__and low during ___

Back 16

-decrease in waking, increase in sleep
-waking,sleep

Front 17

hypocretin also called

Back 17

orexin

Front 18

hypocretin neurons terminate in areas

Back 18

involved in arousal

Front 19

high levels of hypocretin released during (2)

Back 19

REM sleep,active waking

Front 20

hypocretin plays role in

Back 20

motor activity

Front 21

if inject hypocretin into LC=

Back 21

increase in muscle tone

Front 22

rostral to hypo have the __involved in sleep behaviour therefore destruction of this area=

Back 22

preoptic area, insomnia

Front 23

in cats sleep suppression may lead to death, and electrical stimulation of preoptic area=(2)

Back 23

drowsiness, maybe immediate sleep

Front 24

the ventrolateral preoptic area neuron activity __during sleep and lesions here cause____. VLPA neurons have ____neurons which send axons to (3)

Back 24

increase,suppression of sleep, inhibitory GABA secreting neurons, TMN/raphe/LC

Front 25

VLPA receives__inputs from the same regions it inhibits. This reciprocal inhibition=___circuit which has ON or OFF state. Explain what happen in on state vs off

Back 25

-inhibitory
-flip-flop
-ON=arousal system active, sleep promoting area in VLPA inhibited=animal awake
-OFF= arousal system wake region inhibited, VLPA sleep region active=animal asleep

Front 26

Can neurons in both regions of VLPA and arousal system be active at same time

Back 26

NO

Front 27

hypocretin neurons stabilize flip flop by

Back 27

promoting wakefulness and inhibiting sleep (keeps flip flop in ON state) else we'd fall asleep during waking hours

Front 28

cerebral metabolism during REM is

Back 28

is high as metabolism during waking hours

Front 29

PGO waves-->pons,geniculate,occipital are

Back 29

short electrical bursts, measured in animals invasively

Front 30

PGO waves start in ___go to ___and then to___-

Back 30

pons,LGN,occipital(visual cortex)

Front 31

first manifestation of REM sleep

Back 31

PGO waves

Front 32

ACh acts as a ___to help REM sleep

Back 32

agonist

Front 33

ACh levels ___during waking hours/REM sleep and___during ___sleep

Back 33

high,low,slow wave

Front 34

ACh neurons responsible for REM found in(2) both of which found in region called

Back 34

PPT&LDT,peribrachial area

Front 35

peribrachial areas neuron related to___the neuron increases activity__-

Back 35

sleep cycle, before REM starts

Front 36

in peribracial there is __cells that fire only during

Back 36

REM-ON, REM

Front 37

Lesions to peribrachial=

Back 37

decrease in REM

Front 38

neurons in peribrachial affect many areas of brain that control

Back 38

eye movements

Front 39

SLD contains__neurons while vlPAG contains__neurons

Back 39

REM-ON,REM-OFF

Front 40

stimulating REM-ON=___inhibiting____
stimulating REM-OFF=____inhibiting ____

Back 40

-REM sleep, disrupts REM sleep
-suppress REM, increases REM sleep

Front 41

circadian rhythm=
and are controlled by

Back 41

daily change in behaviour in cycle of 24 hours, internal biological clocks

Front 42

light serves as_____to biological clock which keep clock adjusted to 24 hours due to changing levels of light

Back 42

Zeitgeber-->time giver

Front 43

if animal kept in constant darkeness/dim light a brief period of light will

Back 43

reset internal clock

Front 44

rats active during__. if shift cycle few hours what happens to rats activity cycle. If light constantly dim rat finds own source of rhythm because

Back 44

night, changes as well, internal clock

Front 45

in rats clock found in___. Lesions here=____. This area receives projections of fibres from __because

Back 45

-SCN
-disrupt circadian rhythm/timing of sleep cycles DOES NOT affect total sleep amount
-retina because light is primary zeitgeber (called retinahypothalamic pathway)

Front 46

shift work or jet lag causes

Back 46

-dysynchronization between SCN controlled circadian rhythm and external environment
-leads to sleep disturbance,mood changes, affect normal functioning during waking hours